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PSY 3
55
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| motivation | the drive to seek out a goal, such as food, water, or friends |
| emotion | a state of the body causing feelings, such as hope, fear, or love |
| hypothalamus | part of the lower brain that controls such basic needs and desires such as pleasure, pain, fear, rage, hunger, thirst, and sex |
| amygdala | brain structure responsible for emotional responses of aggression and fear |
| reticular formation | unit in the brain that registers and controls activity level, increases excitement, and helps generate sleep |
| pituitary gland | gland that controls other glands and hormones, as well as producing its own hormone that regulates growth |
| adrenal glands | glands that secrete adrenaline, which stirs up the body, changing breathing, perspiration, heart rate, and so on |
| gonads | the sex glands |
| testes | the male sex glands; they make sperm |
| ovaries | the female sex glands; they make eggs |
| androgens | male hormones; they control sexual interest in both males and females |
| estrogen | the hormone that controls the female reproductive cycle |
| drives | forces that push an organism into action to reach a goal |
| goal | the target of a set of behaviors |
| homeostasis | bodily process of maintaining a balanced internal state |
| blood-sugar level | the amount of sugar contained in the blood, which indicates the level of hunger |
| glucose | sugar in the blood |
| set point | the body-regulating mechanism that determines a person's typical weight |
| curiosity motive | a drive that moves a person to seek new and different things |
| manipulation motive | a drive that moves a person to handle and use objects in the environment |
| intrinsic motivation | motivation that comes from within the individual |
| extrinsic motivation | motivation that comes from outside the individual |
| contact comfort | the satisfaction obtained from pleasant, soft physical stimulation |
| hierarchy of needs | a system that ranks human needs one above the other, with the most basic needs for physical survival at the bottom of the pyramid; proposed by psychologist Abraham Maslow |
| physiological needs | needs at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy: hunger and thirst |
| safety needs | needs at the second level of Maslow's hierarchy: shelter, nest egg of money |
| belongingness needs | needs at the third level of Maslow's hierarchy: friendship, closeness with another |
| self-esteem needs | need at the fourth level of Maslow's hierarchy: liking and respecting yourself, feeling important and useful |
| self-actualization needs | needs at the top of Maslow's hierarchy: establishing meaningful goals and a purpose in life |
| need for affiliation | psychological need to belong to and identify with groups |
| need for approval | psychological need to have other people think highly of oneself |
| need for achievement | psychological need for personal accomplishment |
| opponent-process theory | theory that the presence of one emotion triggers its opposite, which then emerges somewhat later |
| cognition | higher-order thought processes, such as reasoning and problem solving |
| emotional intelligence | the ability to properly feel, deal with, and recognize emotions |
| James-Lange theory | theory of emotion proposing that first the body responds and THEN one feels the emotion |
| Cannon-Bard theory | theory of emotion proposing that the bodily reaction and the emotional response to an event occur at the same time |
| cognitive theory | theory of emotion proposed by Schachter; it holds that people label a bodily response by giving it the name of the emotion they think they are feeling |
| three theories of emotion | Cannon-Bard theory, Schachter's cognitive theory, James-Lange theory |
| construct | a concept requiring a belief in something that cannot be seen or touched but that seems to exist |
| consciousness | the organism's awareness of, or possibility of knowing, what is happening inside or outside itself |
| subconscious | consciousness just below our present awareness |
| unconscious | thoughts or desires about which we have no direct knowledge |
| biological clocks | internal chemical units that control regular cycles in parts of the body |
| free-running cycles | cycles set up by biological clocks that are under their own control, ignoring the environment |
| entrainment | the process of altering the free-running cycle to fit a different rhythm |
| circadian rhythm | sequences of behavioral changes that occur every 24 hours |
| twilight state | relaxed state just before we fall asleep |
| REM sleep | rapid eye movement sleep; the stage of sleep when dreams occur |
| beta waves | rapid brain waves; appear when a person is awake |
| alpha waves | fairly relaxed brain waves that occur in stage 1, just before we go to sleep |
| delta waves | slow, lazy, deep-sleep brain waves |
| NREM sleep | non-rapid eye movement sleep; sleep involving partial thoughts, images, or stories that are poorly organized |
| nightmare | frightening dream that occurs during REM |
| REM rebound | increase in the number of dreams after being deprived of REM sleep |
| night terror | a horrible dream occurring during NREM, when the body is not prepared for it; also called an incubus attack |
| insomnia | the inability to get enough sleep |
| narcolepsy | disorder in which a person falls instantly into sleep no matter what is going on in the environment |
| sleep apnea | condition in which a person's breathing often stops while the person is asleep |
| hypnosis | a state of relaxation in which attention is focused on certain objects, acts, or feelings |
| trance | the state of deep relaxation that can occur during hypnosis |
| meditation | a form of self-control in which the outside world is cut off from consciousness |
Created by:
catherine1994
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