AP II chp 19
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| What is the function of the cardiovascular system(blood) | to transport materials to and from cells
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| What are the 3 main components of the cardiovascular system? | heart(a pump); blood vessels(a conducting system); blood(fluid medium)
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| What are the functions of blood? | 1)transport dissolved substances;2)regulation of pH and ions;3)restriction of fluid losses at injury sites;4)defense against toxins and pathogens;5)stabilization of body temp
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| 3 types of formed elements (whole blood) | red blood cells; white blood cells; platelets
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| function of red blood cells | transport oxygen
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| What are white bloods cells part of? | part of the immune system
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| Platelets | cell fragments involved in clotting
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| hemopoiesis | process of producing formed elements
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| fractionation | process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis
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| What are the 3 plasma proteins? | albumins; globulins; fibrinogen
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| function of albumins | transport substances
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| function of globulins | (round);antibodies; transport small molecules
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| function of fibrinogen | form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin
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| hemoglobin | the red pigment that gives whole blood its color; binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| structure of RBCs | small, highly specialized discs; thin in middle and thicker at edge
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| importance of RBC shape and size | quickly absorbs and releases oxygen
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| lifespan of RBCs | lack nuclei, mitochondria(no ATP) and ribosomes(no protein)=means no repair and anaerobic metabolism; live about 120days
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| the protein molecule of hemoglobin's function is? | transports respiratory gases
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| phagoctyes break hemoglobin into its components: | globular proteins to amino acids; heme to biliverdin(makes bile green); iron
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| hemoglobinuria | hemoglobin breakdown products in urine due to EXCESS HEMOLYSIS IN BLOODSTREAM
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| hematuria | whole RBCs in urine due to KIDNEY OR TISSUE DAMAGE
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| erythropoiesis | occurs only in myeloid tissue(red bone marrow) in adults; stem cells mature to become RBCs; made in red bone marrow by stem cells
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| hemocytoblasts | stem cells in myeloid tissue divide to produce myeloid stem cells: become RBCs, some WBCs; lymphoid stem cells: become lymphocytes
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| What is required when building RBCs? | amino acids; iron; vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid
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| erythropoietin(EPO) | secreted when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low(hypoxia)-due to disease or high altitude
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| WBCs | aka leukocytes; DO NOT have hemoglobin; have nuclei and other organelles; longer life span
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| WBCs functions | defend against pathogens; remove toxins and wastes; attack abnormal cells
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| most WBCs are in: | connective tissue proper; lymphoid system organs
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| T OR F: WBC can't migrate out of bloodstream | F they can
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| What kind of movement do WBCs have? | amoeboid movement
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| List the types of WBCs | neutrophils; eosinophils; basophils; monocytes; lymphocytes
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| neutrophils | pale cytoplasm granules with: lysosomal enzymes and bactericides(both of these kill any bacterial pathogen); most common
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| neutrophil action | very active; engluf pathogens; digest pathogens; release prostaglandins and leukotrienes; form pus
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| degranulation | removing granules from cytoplasm
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| defensins | attack pathogen membranes(PEPTIDE)
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| T/F: Defensin-rich primary granules fuse with phagcytic vacuoles | T
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| Eosinophils | attack large parasites; excrete toxic compounds; sensitive to allergens; control inflammation w/ enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells
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| basophils | small; accumulate in damaged tissue; release histamine-dilates blood vessels; release heparin-prevents blood clotting
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| monocytes | large, spherical; enter peripheral tissues and become marcophages; engulf large particles and pathogens; secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibrocytes to injured area
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| lymphoctyes | larger than RBCs; migrate in and out of blood; mostly in connective tissues and lymphoid organs; part of the body's specific defense system
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| Name the 3 classes of lymphocytes | T cells; B cells; Natural killer (NK) cells
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| T cells | cell-mediated immunity; attack foreign cells directly
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| B cells | humoral immunity; differentiate into plasma cells synthesize anitbodies
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| natural killer (NK) cells | detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers)
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| platelets | circulate for 9-12 days; removed by spleen; 2/3 are reserved for emergencies
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| 3 functions of platelets | release imprtant clotting chemicals; temporarily patch damaged vessel walls; actively contract tissue after clot formation
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| platelet production = | thromobocytopoiesis: occurs in bone marrow
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| megakaryocytes | giant cells in bone marrow that manufacture platelets from cytoplasm
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| hemostasis | cessation of bleeding
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| 3 phases of hemostasis | vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase
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| 3 steps of vascular phase | 1)endothelial cells contract; 2)endothelial cells release: chemical factors, local hormones, stimulate smooth muscle contraction and cell division;3)endothelial plasma membranes become "sticky":seal off blood flow
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| 3 steps of platelet phase | platelet adhesion(attachment);platelet aggregation (stick together); activated platelets release clotting compounds
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| name the 3 coagulation pathways | extrinsic pathway; intrinsic pathway; common pathway
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| extrinsic pathway | begins in the vessel wall:damaged cells release tissue factor(TF); TF+other compounds=enzyme complex; activates Factor X
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| intrinsic pathway | begins with circulating proenzymes: activation of enxymes by collagen;platelets release factors; activates Factor X
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| common pathway | where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge: forms enzyme prothrobinase; converts prothrombin to thrombin; thrombin converts fibrinogen to FIBRIN
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| fibrin | fibrillar protein that is polymerised to form a "mesh" that forms a hemostatic plug or clot(in conjuction w/ platelets)
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| hemostasis and clotting:area restriction | anticoagulants(plasma proteins); heparin; protein C=major physiological anticoagulant; prostacyclin=vasodilator; prevents formation of the platelet plug
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| calcium ions, vitamin K and blood clotting | calcium ions (Ca2+) and vitamin K are both essential to the clotting process
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| fibrinolysis | slow porcess of dissolving clot
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| hemostasis-clot retraction | thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA): activate plasminogen(proenzyme of plasmin); plasminogen produces plasmin=digest fibrin strands
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| plasma | water, dissolved plasma proteins, other solutes
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| metalloprotein = | hemoglobin(Hb)
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| EPO increases what? | RBC production
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| prostaglandins = | vasodilation
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| leukotrienes = help what and increase what? | help bring in more neutrophils; increase vascular permeability
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| Pus is: | dead neutrophils
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| neutrophils die after how long; what does it become? | after 12-24 days; become pus
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| nitric oxide (gas) diffuses how? | quickly
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| mast cells creats what then what is result | histamine = ^ blood flow
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| heparin is a ? | blood thinner
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| mast cells are in connective tissue so: | don't circulate, stay local
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| T/F: Basophils circulate | T
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| in the vascular phase; where do u want the platlets formation? | keep platalets formation localize (to cut)
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| importance of vascular phase | vasoconstriction = decrease flow and restricting platelet formation
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| what is the ultimate goal of coagulation phase? | making an insoluable wall
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| the hormones and proteins used for clotting keep platelets where? | within the area
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| vitamin K is made where? | liver
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| ^ viscosity and you (increase/decrease) resistance to blood flow | increase
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| what are the general characteristics of blood? | high viscosity; slightly alkaline pH (7.35-7.45)
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| fibrocytes maintain what and help? | maintain connective tissue which help in repair
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| T/F: You do not need Calcium in the process of hemostasis | False, you need calcium in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of the coagulation phase
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