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AP II chp 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the cardiovascular system(blood) | to transport materials to and from cells |
| What are the 3 main components of the cardiovascular system? | heart(a pump); blood vessels(a conducting system); blood(fluid medium) |
| What are the functions of blood? | 1)transport dissolved substances;2)regulation of pH and ions;3)restriction of fluid losses at injury sites;4)defense against toxins and pathogens;5)stabilization of body temp |
| 3 types of formed elements (whole blood) | red blood cells; white blood cells; platelets |
| function of red blood cells | transport oxygen |
| What are white bloods cells part of? | part of the immune system |
| Platelets | cell fragments involved in clotting |
| hemopoiesis | process of producing formed elements |
| fractionation | process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis |
| What are the 3 plasma proteins? | albumins; globulins; fibrinogen |
| function of albumins | transport substances |
| function of globulins | (round);antibodies; transport small molecules |
| function of fibrinogen | form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin |
| hemoglobin | the red pigment that gives whole blood its color; binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| structure of RBCs | small, highly specialized discs; thin in middle and thicker at edge |
| importance of RBC shape and size | quickly absorbs and releases oxygen |
| lifespan of RBCs | lack nuclei, mitochondria(no ATP) and ribosomes(no protein)=means no repair and anaerobic metabolism; live about 120days |
| the protein molecule of hemoglobin's function is? | transports respiratory gases |
| phagoctyes break hemoglobin into its components: | globular proteins to amino acids; heme to biliverdin(makes bile green); iron |
| hemoglobinuria | hemoglobin breakdown products in urine due to EXCESS HEMOLYSIS IN BLOODSTREAM |
| hematuria | whole RBCs in urine due to KIDNEY OR TISSUE DAMAGE |
| erythropoiesis | occurs only in myeloid tissue(red bone marrow) in adults; stem cells mature to become RBCs; made in red bone marrow by stem cells |
| hemocytoblasts | stem cells in myeloid tissue divide to produce myeloid stem cells: become RBCs, some WBCs; lymphoid stem cells: become lymphocytes |
| What is required when building RBCs? | amino acids; iron; vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid |
| erythropoietin(EPO) | secreted when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low(hypoxia)-due to disease or high altitude |
| WBCs | aka leukocytes; DO NOT have hemoglobin; have nuclei and other organelles; longer life span |
| WBCs functions | defend against pathogens; remove toxins and wastes; attack abnormal cells |
| most WBCs are in: | connective tissue proper; lymphoid system organs |
| T OR F: WBC can't migrate out of bloodstream | F they can |
| What kind of movement do WBCs have? | amoeboid movement |
| List the types of WBCs | neutrophils; eosinophils; basophils; monocytes; lymphocytes |
| neutrophils | pale cytoplasm granules with: lysosomal enzymes and bactericides(both of these kill any bacterial pathogen); most common |
| neutrophil action | very active; engluf pathogens; digest pathogens; release prostaglandins and leukotrienes; form pus |
| degranulation | removing granules from cytoplasm |
| defensins | attack pathogen membranes(PEPTIDE) |
| T/F: Defensin-rich primary granules fuse with phagcytic vacuoles | T |
| Eosinophils | attack large parasites; excrete toxic compounds; sensitive to allergens; control inflammation w/ enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells |
| basophils | small; accumulate in damaged tissue; release histamine-dilates blood vessels; release heparin-prevents blood clotting |
| monocytes | large, spherical; enter peripheral tissues and become marcophages; engulf large particles and pathogens; secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibrocytes to injured area |
| lymphoctyes | larger than RBCs; migrate in and out of blood; mostly in connective tissues and lymphoid organs; part of the body's specific defense system |
| Name the 3 classes of lymphocytes | T cells; B cells; Natural killer (NK) cells |
| T cells | cell-mediated immunity; attack foreign cells directly |
| B cells | humoral immunity; differentiate into plasma cells synthesize anitbodies |
| natural killer (NK) cells | detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers) |
| platelets | circulate for 9-12 days; removed by spleen; 2/3 are reserved for emergencies |
| 3 functions of platelets | release imprtant clotting chemicals; temporarily patch damaged vessel walls; actively contract tissue after clot formation |
| platelet production = | thromobocytopoiesis: occurs in bone marrow |
| megakaryocytes | giant cells in bone marrow that manufacture platelets from cytoplasm |
| hemostasis | cessation of bleeding |
| 3 phases of hemostasis | vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase |
| 3 steps of vascular phase | 1)endothelial cells contract; 2)endothelial cells release: chemical factors, local hormones, stimulate smooth muscle contraction and cell division;3)endothelial plasma membranes become "sticky":seal off blood flow |
| 3 steps of platelet phase | platelet adhesion(attachment);platelet aggregation (stick together); activated platelets release clotting compounds |
| name the 3 coagulation pathways | extrinsic pathway; intrinsic pathway; common pathway |
| extrinsic pathway | begins in the vessel wall:damaged cells release tissue factor(TF); TF+other compounds=enzyme complex; activates Factor X |
| intrinsic pathway | begins with circulating proenzymes: activation of enxymes by collagen;platelets release factors; activates Factor X |
| common pathway | where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge: forms enzyme prothrobinase; converts prothrombin to thrombin; thrombin converts fibrinogen to FIBRIN |
| fibrin | fibrillar protein that is polymerised to form a "mesh" that forms a hemostatic plug or clot(in conjuction w/ platelets) |
| hemostasis and clotting:area restriction | anticoagulants(plasma proteins); heparin; protein C=major physiological anticoagulant; prostacyclin=vasodilator; prevents formation of the platelet plug |
| calcium ions, vitamin K and blood clotting | calcium ions (Ca2+) and vitamin K are both essential to the clotting process |
| fibrinolysis | slow porcess of dissolving clot |
| hemostasis-clot retraction | thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA): activate plasminogen(proenzyme of plasmin); plasminogen produces plasmin=digest fibrin strands |
| plasma | water, dissolved plasma proteins, other solutes |
| metalloprotein = | hemoglobin(Hb) |
| EPO increases what? | RBC production |
| prostaglandins = | vasodilation |
| leukotrienes = help what and increase what? | help bring in more neutrophils; increase vascular permeability |
| Pus is: | dead neutrophils |
| neutrophils die after how long; what does it become? | after 12-24 days; become pus |
| nitric oxide (gas) diffuses how? | quickly |
| mast cells creats what then what is result | histamine = ^ blood flow |
| heparin is a ? | blood thinner |
| mast cells are in connective tissue so: | don't circulate, stay local |
| T/F: Basophils circulate | T |
| in the vascular phase; where do u want the platlets formation? | keep platalets formation localize (to cut) |
| importance of vascular phase | vasoconstriction = decrease flow and restricting platelet formation |
| what is the ultimate goal of coagulation phase? | making an insoluable wall |
| the hormones and proteins used for clotting keep platelets where? | within the area |
| vitamin K is made where? | liver |
| ^ viscosity and you (increase/decrease) resistance to blood flow | increase |
| what are the general characteristics of blood? | high viscosity; slightly alkaline pH (7.35-7.45) |
| fibrocytes maintain what and help? | maintain connective tissue which help in repair |
| T/F: You do not need Calcium in the process of hemostasis | False, you need calcium in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of the coagulation phase |
Created by:
kueeck
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