Lesson 1: Microscope
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| is the use of or investigation with a microscope. | the microscope uses glass lenses to
magnify objects we are not able to see
through our naked eye
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| the microscope uses glass lenses to magnify objects we are not able to see through our naked eye | the microscope uses glass lenses to
magnify objects we are not able to see
through our naked eye
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| an optical instrument used for viewing very small objects, such as mineral samples or animal or plant cells , typically magnified several hundred times | MICROSCOPE
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| TWO TYPES OF MICROSCOPE | Simple Microscope and Compound Microscope
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| s nothing but a single biconvex lens. It referred to as a MAGNIFYING GLASS. | SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
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| the object to be viewed in ____ microscope is placed between the optic center and the focus. | simple
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| type of microscope where image formed is erect, virtual and magnified. | simple microscope
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| placed multiple lenses and found out that the objects through the tube appear greatly enlarged | 1590- Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias Janssen,
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| invented a compound microscope using convex and concave lenses. | 1609- Galileo Galilei
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| - the first term microscope was used by _____ to refer to the compound microscope of Galilei. | 1625-Giovanni Faber
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| an English physicist, coined the term cell in his publication Micrographia. | 1665- Robert Hooke
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| What is Robert Hooke's publication name | Micrographia
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| He was the first to see a plant cell under a single microscope. | 1665- Robert Hooke
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| the English Father of Microscopy | 1665- Robert Hooke
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| Was the first to see living cells using his own single lens microscope. He examined blood cells, yeast and insects. | 1676- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
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| educed spherical aberrations by using several weak lenses together at certain distances to get a good magnification without blurring. | 1830- Joseph Lister
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| introduced a mathematical formula that correlates resolving the power to the wavelength of light. It made the calculation of the theoretical maximum resolution of a microscope possible | 1874- Ernst Abbe
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| designed and built the first transmission electron microscope . The electron microscope does not depend on light but on electrons . It can visualize objects such as small as the diameter of an atom. | 1931-Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
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| invented the first contrast illumination which allows imaging of transparent samples . Objects can be seen without staining | 1932- Frits Zernike
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| invented the first scanning electron microscope . It transmits a beam of electrons across the surface of the specimen. | 1942- Ernst Ruska
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| introduced the principle of confocal imaging which gives a resolution that is higher than that of conventional light. | 1957-Marvin Minsky
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| developed the Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scanner. It can generate cross sectional views and three dimensional images of internal organs and structures. | 1972- Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cornack
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| developed the first practical confocal laser scanning microscope. This instrument focus laser beams to scan objects. | 1978- Thomas and Christoph Cremer
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| invented the scanning tunnelling microscope {STM} . It can visualize individual atoms within materials. | 1981- Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer i
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| for his contribution to the study of microscopy. | 1986- Ernst Ruska won the Nobel Prize
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| A nobel prize was also awarded to | Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.
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| cloned the green fluorescent protein that he used in fluorescent microscopy | 1992- Douglas Prasher
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| pioneered the first super resolution microscopy | 1993-1996- Stefan Hall
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| used a cryoelectron microscope to see the atoms of the virus. | 2010- Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles
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| got the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the super microscope they invented. It can see smaller than 0.2 um. | 2014- Eric Betzig, Stefan Hell and William Moerner
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| it magnifies ten times and it is marked as 10x | Low power lens
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| can magnify forty times in a common compound microscope. | Highest power lens
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| the ability of the microscope to show the details of an object being examined. | Resolution-
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| refers to the darkness of the background with reference to the specimen | Contrast
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| Parts of the microscope that are involved in giving support or strength to the instrument. These are also the parts that are movable and can be adjusted. | MECHANICAL PARTS
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| a hollow tube through which light passes from the objective to the eyepiece. | BODY TUBE
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| holds the objectives. It can be rotated to select the appropriate objectives. The lenses must be “ clicked” into place to successfully view a specimen. | REVOLVING NOSEPIECE
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| connects the base and the body tube together. It serves as a handle for carrying the microscope. | ARM
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| - the platform where the slide or specimen to be examined is placed. It has an opening at the center that allows light to pass from the below the specimen. | STAGE
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| holds the slide in place | STAGE CLIP
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| - the part where the microscope is firmly anchored. It gives support to the whole microscope and is the part where the illuminators are attached. | BASE
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| - a joint found in microscopes at which the arm is attached to the pillar of the microscope . It is used for tilting the microscope. | INCLINATION JOINT
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| parts of the microscope that provide and capture light illumination | ILLUMINATING PARTS
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| reflects light from the surroundings to the specimen on the stage. | MIRROR
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| – is used for natural light | CONCAVE MIRROR
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| - used for artificial light | FLAT SIDE/ PLANAR
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| It is planar on one side and concave on the other | MIRROR
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| concentrates the light from the light source or the mirror onto the object of specimen being studied. It is located below the stage , and it is held in place by a rack. | CONDENSER
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| regulates the amount of light that reaches the specimen . It is attached beneath the condenser. | IRIS DIAPHRAGM
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| parts of the microscope that are involved in magnifying the image of the specimens , including the resolution. | MAGNIFYING PARTS
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| the part through which an observer looks to view a specimen. It usually has a magnification of 10x, though eyepieces with 5x to 30x magnification are also available. | EYEPIECE OR OCULAR
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| – the main lenses that magnify the specimen being observed . Usually microscopes have three objectives but modern ones house four or even five objectives .Typical objectives have magnifying powers of 4x, 10x, 40x, and even 100x. | OBJECTIVES
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| The part of the microscope that you look through contains a lens that has a magnification power of 10x. | EYEPIECE
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| It is called the eyepiece but also called | ocular
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| Supports the upper portion of the microscope | ARM
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| It is used to carry the microscope | ARM
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| Hold or secure the slide in place on a stage | STAGE CLIPS
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| The large knob that will focus the image when you are using the low power | COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
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| It is used when the image is blurry and you wanted to focus the specimen. | COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
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| The small knob that will focus the image when you are using the high power | FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
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| Used to carry the microscope | BASE
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| Supports the entire microscope | BASE
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| Holds two or more objectives and can be rotated to easily change power | REVOLVING NOSEPIECE
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| They consist of 4x, 10x, 40x eyepiece lens. | OBJECTIVE LENSES
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| To focus the light onto the specimen | CONDENSER
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| Ensures optimal lightning | CONDENSER
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| Adjust the amount of light reaching the specimen. | IRIS DIAPHRAGM/ DIAPHRAGM
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| Found under the stage. | IRIS DIAPHRAGM/ DIAPHRAGM
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| This is a long tube | BODY TUBE
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| The eyepiece holder | EYEPIECE TUBE
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| High magnification about 40x or 100x | HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE LENS (HPO)
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| Low magnification about 4x | LOW POWER OBJECTIVES (LPO)
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| observe cells in cork .Coined the term cells | 1665 ROBERT HOOKE
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| created a powerful microscope | Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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| noticed that pollen grains in water jiggled around called “ Brownian motion” | 1827-33 ROBERT BROWN
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| - discovered nucleus | 1827-33 ROBERT BROWN
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| a botanist who concluded that all plants are made of cells. | 1838- MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
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| - a zoologist who concluded that all animals are made of cells. | 1839 THEODOR SCHWANN
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| - a physician who did a research on cancer cells and concluded “Omnis cellula e cellula“ All cells are from pre-existing cells. | 1855 RUDOLph VIRCHOW
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| Omnis cellula e cellula what does it mean | All cells are from pre-existing cells.
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| All cells are from pre-existing cells. what was this translated from? | Omnis cellula e cellula
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| Cell Theory was formally established by | Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden in 1839
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| The most basic tenet underlying the field of biology. | CELL THEORY
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| one of the basic principles of biology | CELL THEORY
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| Formulated by the 3 German scientists Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden and Rudolph Virchow. | CELL THEORY
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| The cell theory was formulated by __ | the 3 German scientists Theodor
Schwann, Matthias Schleiden and Rudolph Virchow.
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| formally established by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden in 1839. | CELL THEORY
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| THE CELL THEORY STATES: Part 1 | 1Cells are the smallest unit of life All living things are composed
of one or more cells
>they may be unicellular or multicellular
2Cells are the basic unit of organization of all organisms
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| THE CELL THEORY STATES: part 2 | 3Cells come only from preexisting cells
>they are derived from spontaneous generation
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| Modern cell theory adds additional key points: | 1. Cells carry and pass on to the offspring hereditary units during
cell division.
2. All cells are relatively the same in terms of chemical composition and metabolic activity.
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| CELL NUMBER? | UNICELLULAR and MULTICELLULAR
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| Are made of singe cell | UNICELLULAR
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| Example of Unicellular | Example: amoeba, bacteria
chlamydomonas, yeast, euglena.
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| Are made of million cells | MULTICELLULAR
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| Example of MULTICELLULAR | Example: Plants and animals
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| Cells are extremely small therefore they can be observed under microscope. |
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| Cells are measured in | micrometers or microns.
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| the smallest cell | MYCOPLASMA
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| longest cell | NERVE CELL
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| - the largest cell | Ostrich egg
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| • The shape of the cell varies in different organisms. The shape of plant cell is different from that of an animal cell. They may be | Spherical, polygonal, Oval, columnar or flat plate
like, Elliptical, Spindle shaped, cuboidal
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