Nervous System
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| What 2 categories is the nervous system divided into? | Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
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| What are the 2 kinds of cells that are found in the nervous system? | Neurons and supporting/glial cells
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| What are the 2 types of transport systems in long axons? | Axoplasmic flow and Axonal transport
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| What is the molecular motor of the anterograde transport? | Kinesin
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| What is the molecular motor of the retrograde transport system of the axon? | Dynein
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| Does the anterograde transport move materials towards or away from the cell body? | Away
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| Does the retrograde transport move materials towards or away from the cell body? | Towards
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| What type of special transport system rapidly moves large and insoluble compounds bidirectionally along microtubles? | Axonal transport
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| What type of special transport system moves soluble compounds toward nerve endings via rhythmic contractions of the axon? | Axonplasmic flow
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| What do you call a group of cell bodies in the CNS? | Nuclei
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| What do you call a group of cell bodies in the PNS? | Ganglia
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| What is the functional classification of neurons that conduct impulses toward the CNS? | Sensory/Afferent
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| What is the functional classification of neurons that carry impulses out of the CNS? | Motor/Efferent
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| What is the functional classification of neurons that integrate the NS activity and is located entirely inside the CNS? | Association/Interneurons
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| What is the 3 structural classification of neurons? | Pseudounipolar, Bipolar, and Multipolar
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| What type of neurons cell body sits along side of a single process as in a sensory neuron? | Pseudounipolar
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| What type of neurons does the dendrite and axon arise from opposite ends of the cell body as in retinal neurons? | Bipolar
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| What type of neuron has many dendrites and one axon as in motor neurons? | Multipolar
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| What are the 2 types of supporting (glial)cells in the PNS? | Schwann and satellite (ganglionic gliocytes) cells
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| What are the 4 types of supporting (glial) cell in the CNS? | Oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells
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| In the PNS what type of cell myelinates the axon by wrapping round and round the axon? | Schwann
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| What type of supporting cell electrically insulates the axon? | Schwann
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| What are the uninsulated gaps between adjacent schwann cell called? | Node of Ranvier
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| What is the most common glial cell? | Astrocyte
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| What glial cell is involved in buffering K+ levels, recycling neurotransmitters, regulating adult neurogenesis, and releasing transmitters that regulate neuronal activity? | Astrocytes
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| What is located in the brain that allows only certain compounds to enter the brain and is formed by capillary specializations that appear to be induced by astrocytes? | Blood brain barrier
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| At rest (RMP), all cells have a (negative/positive) internal charge and an (equal/unequal) distribution of ions. | Negative/unequal
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| What channels are always open? | K+ leakage channels are always open
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| What channels have a molecular gate that can be opened by depolarization? | Voltage-gated (VG) channels
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| What are the 2 types of K+ channels? | Leakage channels that are always open and gated channel that are closed during RMP
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| Between Na+ and K+, the inside of the cell has a higher concentration of which one? | K+
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| Does the outside of the cell have a higher concentration of Na+ or K+? | Na+
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| A wave of MP change that sweeps along the axon from the soma to the synapse is called what? | Action Potential (AP)
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| Action Potential causes a wave to form by rapid depolarization of the membrane by _____ influx; followed by rapid repolarization by _____ efflux. | Na+/K+
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| Where does AP occur in a myelinated axon? | Nodes of Ranvier
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| Where are Na+ channels located in a myelinated axon? | Only at the nodes
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| A functional connection between a neuron and another cell is called what? | Synapse
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| What are the 2 types of synaptic neurons? | Chemical and electrical
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| What type of synapse is it when depolarization flows from presynaptic into postsynaptic cell through channels called gap junctions? | Electrical synapse
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| What type of synapse is one-way and occurs through the release of chemical neurotransmitters from presynaptic axon endings? | Chemical synapse
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| The gap junctions in an electrical synapse are formed by proteins called what? | Connexin
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| In a chemical synapse, once the APs travel down the axon to depolarize the bouton what VG channels open? | Ca++
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| How is Ca++ driven into the bouton? | Electrochemical gradient
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| Once Ca++ is driven into the bouton what is triggered? | Exocytosis of the vesicles and release of the NTs
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| What stimulates the fusion of exocytosis and the release of the NTs? | Ca++/protein complex
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| What type of regulated channels open in response to the binding of postsynaptic receptor proteins to the NT ligands? | Chemically regulated channels
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| What is the most widely used NT? | Acetylcholine
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| What NT are used in the brain and the autonomic nervous system? | Acetylcholine
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| Where is acetylcholinesterase which inactivates acetylcholine located? | In the cleft
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| Voltage-regulated channels open in response to what? | Depolarization
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| Voltage regulated channels are mainly found where? | In the axons
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| Chemically regulate channels are usually found where? | Post synaptic membrane
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| Where is the site where APs are normally initiated and which has many VG channels? | Axon Hillock
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| What is irreversibly fired when the MP reaches threshold because positive feedback opens more and more Na+ channels? | AP
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| What are the 3 types of monoamine NTs? | Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine
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| What is serotonin derived from? | Tryptophan
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| What is norepinephrin and dopamine derived from? | tyrosine
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| After the release of monoamine NTs, most are inactivated by ______ ______ and breakdown by _____________ ________ | Presynaptic reuptake/monoamine oxidase
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| What are the 2 NTs called catecholamines? | Norepinephrine and dopamine
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| What NT is involved in regulation of mood, behavior, appetite and cerbral circulation? | Serotonin
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| LSD is structurally similar to what NT? | Serotonin
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| What NTs are antidepressants? | SSRI (serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors
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| What are 4 examples of drugs that are SSRIs? | Prozac, zoloft, paxil, luvox
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| What does the drugs paxil, prozac, luvox, and zoloft block? | Reuptake of serotonin
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| What are the 2 dopamine systems in the brain? | Nigrostriatal dopamine system and the mesolimbic dopamine system
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| Degeneration of what dopamine system in the brain causes Parkinson's disease? | Nigrostriatal dopamine system
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| What dopamine system in the brain is involved with behavior and emotional reward? | Mesolimbic dopamine system
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| Most addictions activate what dopamine system in the brain? | Mesolimbic
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| Overactivity of the mesolimbic dopamine system in the brain contributes to what condition? | Schizophrenia
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| The degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system causes what disease? | Parkinson's
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| Norephinephrine is used in the PNS and CNS. In the PNS is NE a sympathetic or parasypathetic NT? | Sympathetic
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| Norephinephrine in the CNS affects general level of arousal. What drugs stimulates the NE pathways? | Amphetamines
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