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Physiology Chapter 7
Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What 2 categories is the nervous system divided into? | Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
| What are the 2 kinds of cells that are found in the nervous system? | Neurons and supporting/glial cells |
| What are the 2 types of transport systems in long axons? | Axoplasmic flow and Axonal transport |
| What is the molecular motor of the anterograde transport? | Kinesin |
| What is the molecular motor of the retrograde transport system of the axon? | Dynein |
| Does the anterograde transport move materials towards or away from the cell body? | Away |
| Does the retrograde transport move materials towards or away from the cell body? | Towards |
| What type of special transport system rapidly moves large and insoluble compounds bidirectionally along microtubles? | Axonal transport |
| What type of special transport system moves soluble compounds toward nerve endings via rhythmic contractions of the axon? | Axonplasmic flow |
| What do you call a group of cell bodies in the CNS? | Nuclei |
| What do you call a group of cell bodies in the PNS? | Ganglia |
| What is the functional classification of neurons that conduct impulses toward the CNS? | Sensory/Afferent |
| What is the functional classification of neurons that carry impulses out of the CNS? | Motor/Efferent |
| What is the functional classification of neurons that integrate the NS activity and is located entirely inside the CNS? | Association/Interneurons |
| What is the 3 structural classification of neurons? | Pseudounipolar, Bipolar, and Multipolar |
| What type of neurons cell body sits along side of a single process as in a sensory neuron? | Pseudounipolar |
| What type of neurons does the dendrite and axon arise from opposite ends of the cell body as in retinal neurons? | Bipolar |
| What type of neuron has many dendrites and one axon as in motor neurons? | Multipolar |
| What are the 2 types of supporting (glial)cells in the PNS? | Schwann and satellite (ganglionic gliocytes) cells |
| What are the 4 types of supporting (glial) cell in the CNS? | Oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells |
| In the PNS what type of cell myelinates the axon by wrapping round and round the axon? | Schwann |
| What type of supporting cell electrically insulates the axon? | Schwann |
| What are the uninsulated gaps between adjacent schwann cell called? | Node of Ranvier |
| What is the most common glial cell? | Astrocyte |
| What glial cell is involved in buffering K+ levels, recycling neurotransmitters, regulating adult neurogenesis, and releasing transmitters that regulate neuronal activity? | Astrocytes |
| What is located in the brain that allows only certain compounds to enter the brain and is formed by capillary specializations that appear to be induced by astrocytes? | Blood brain barrier |
| At rest (RMP), all cells have a (negative/positive) internal charge and an (equal/unequal) distribution of ions. | Negative/unequal |
| What channels are always open? | K+ leakage channels are always open |
| What channels have a molecular gate that can be opened by depolarization? | Voltage-gated (VG) channels |
| What are the 2 types of K+ channels? | Leakage channels that are always open and gated channel that are closed during RMP |
| Between Na+ and K+, the inside of the cell has a higher concentration of which one? | K+ |
| Does the outside of the cell have a higher concentration of Na+ or K+? | Na+ |
| A wave of MP change that sweeps along the axon from the soma to the synapse is called what? | Action Potential (AP) |
| Action Potential causes a wave to form by rapid depolarization of the membrane by _____ influx; followed by rapid repolarization by _____ efflux. | Na+/K+ |
| Where does AP occur in a myelinated axon? | Nodes of Ranvier |
| Where are Na+ channels located in a myelinated axon? | Only at the nodes |
| A functional connection between a neuron and another cell is called what? | Synapse |
| What are the 2 types of synaptic neurons? | Chemical and electrical |
| What type of synapse is it when depolarization flows from presynaptic into postsynaptic cell through channels called gap junctions? | Electrical synapse |
| What type of synapse is one-way and occurs through the release of chemical neurotransmitters from presynaptic axon endings? | Chemical synapse |
| The gap junctions in an electrical synapse are formed by proteins called what? | Connexin |
| In a chemical synapse, once the APs travel down the axon to depolarize the bouton what VG channels open? | Ca++ |
| How is Ca++ driven into the bouton? | Electrochemical gradient |
| Once Ca++ is driven into the bouton what is triggered? | Exocytosis of the vesicles and release of the NTs |
| What stimulates the fusion of exocytosis and the release of the NTs? | Ca++/protein complex |
| What type of regulated channels open in response to the binding of postsynaptic receptor proteins to the NT ligands? | Chemically regulated channels |
| What is the most widely used NT? | Acetylcholine |
| What NT are used in the brain and the autonomic nervous system? | Acetylcholine |
| Where is acetylcholinesterase which inactivates acetylcholine located? | In the cleft |
| Voltage-regulated channels open in response to what? | Depolarization |
| Voltage regulated channels are mainly found where? | In the axons |
| Chemically regulate channels are usually found where? | Post synaptic membrane |
| Where is the site where APs are normally initiated and which has many VG channels? | Axon Hillock |
| What is irreversibly fired when the MP reaches threshold because positive feedback opens more and more Na+ channels? | AP |
| What are the 3 types of monoamine NTs? | Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine |
| What is serotonin derived from? | Tryptophan |
| What is norepinephrin and dopamine derived from? | tyrosine |
| After the release of monoamine NTs, most are inactivated by ______ ______ and breakdown by _____________ ________ | Presynaptic reuptake/monoamine oxidase |
| What are the 2 NTs called catecholamines? | Norepinephrine and dopamine |
| What NT is involved in regulation of mood, behavior, appetite and cerbral circulation? | Serotonin |
| LSD is structurally similar to what NT? | Serotonin |
| What NTs are antidepressants? | SSRI (serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors |
| What are 4 examples of drugs that are SSRIs? | Prozac, zoloft, paxil, luvox |
| What does the drugs paxil, prozac, luvox, and zoloft block? | Reuptake of serotonin |
| What are the 2 dopamine systems in the brain? | Nigrostriatal dopamine system and the mesolimbic dopamine system |
| Degeneration of what dopamine system in the brain causes Parkinson's disease? | Nigrostriatal dopamine system |
| What dopamine system in the brain is involved with behavior and emotional reward? | Mesolimbic dopamine system |
| Most addictions activate what dopamine system in the brain? | Mesolimbic |
| Overactivity of the mesolimbic dopamine system in the brain contributes to what condition? | Schizophrenia |
| The degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system causes what disease? | Parkinson's |
| Norephinephrine is used in the PNS and CNS. In the PNS is NE a sympathetic or parasypathetic NT? | Sympathetic |
| Norephinephrine in the CNS affects general level of arousal. What drugs stimulates the NE pathways? | Amphetamines |
Created by:
seshelby62
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