Chapters 1-3
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| List the first 2 laws of Bergonie and Tribondeau. | show 🗑
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| Direct Effects Caused by what? Describe point of origin. | show 🗑
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| show | Caused by the formation of free radicals.
Original ionization occurs with water and transfers ionization to target molecule.
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| Define 'Free Radicals.' | show 🗑
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| Define epilation: | show 🗑
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| Define Erythema dose: | show 🗑
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| show | The process of removing electrons from atoms or molecules.
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| show | ~The Higher metabolic cell activity, the more radiosensitive it is.
~The greater growth rate for tissues, the greater the radiosensitivity.
~The greater growth rate for tissues,greater the radiosensitivity.
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| show | The causing of genetic mutation by radiation.
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| show | Smaller doses of radiation spread out over a period of time is better than one large dose session. This is the fractionation theory that causes less damage to tissues.
(time period between doses)
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| Protraction: | show 🗑
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| show | SI Unit: coulomb/kilogram
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| show | SI Unit: Gray
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| ID the SI units for the traditional unit: Rem (r): | show 🗑
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| show | SI Unit: becquerel
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| Relate the effective dose limits as stated in NCRP Report No. 116 for the following groups: Occupational exposure: General public continuous exposure: | show 🗑
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| State the function of Water: | show 🗑
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| show | Assist in growth, construct new tissues and repair damaged or worn out tissues.
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| show | Act as building blocks of proteins.
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| State the function of Enzymes: | show 🗑
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| State the function of Lipids: | show 🗑
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| State the function of Carbohydrates: | show 🗑
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| State the function of Nucleic acids: | show 🗑
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| Describe the function of inorganic compounds such as sodium and potassium. | show 🗑
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| Describe the function and components of Cell membrane: | show 🗑
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| show | Composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, mineral salts and water. It functions as a suspension for organelles.
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| Describe the function and components of organelles: | show 🗑
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| Describe the function and components of Centrioles: | show 🗑
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| Describe the function and components of ER: | show 🗑
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| Describe the function and components of Mitochondria: | show 🗑
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| show | A series of flat, membranous layers that contain carbohydrates.It handles incoming lipids and proteins.
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| Describe the function and components of Lysosomes: | show 🗑
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| show | The brain for the cell’s metabolic activity and cell division. The structure is surrounded by a double layered membrane DNA and protein are contained within this structure.
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| Describe the function and components of Nucleolus: | show 🗑
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| Describe the function and components of Ribosomes: | show 🗑
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| State the location of both the following: DNA: RNA: | show 🗑
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| Explain the purpose of Chromosomes: | show 🗑
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| show | The center of a chromosome where it keeps the two sister chromatids together. It’s also where the chromosome attaches to the spindle apparatus during mitosis and meiosis.
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| show | Genetic material responsible for cytoplasmic activity and delivering hereditary information.
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| Define Gametes or aka: | show 🗑
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| Define Somatic cells: | show 🗑
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| show | A eukaryotic cell divides the chromosomes into two identical sets of two daughter nuclei in its cell nucleus. It is followed by cytokinesis that equally divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two daughter cells.
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| Mitosis takes place within what kind of cells? | show 🗑
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| show | A process of cell division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is halved.
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| show | takes place within gamete cells (sex cells).
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| Describe the segment of the cell cycle known as interphase, ID the four phases: | show 🗑
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| show | Cells in this phase are performing the physiological needs to maintain cell homeostasis. The cell is not yet undergoing visible phases of mitosis.
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| Describe S: | show 🗑
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| Describe G2: | show 🗑
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| Describe M: | show 🗑
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| show | Undifferentiated, precursor, or stem cells.
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| Define Radiosensitivity: | show 🗑
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| Define Radioresistant: | show 🗑
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| show | Lymphocytes, spermatogonia, erythroblasts, intestinal crypt cells.
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| Give examples of cells that have intermediate radiosensitivity: | show 🗑
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| show | Muscle and nerve cells, and chondrocytes.
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| show | The nucleus of a cell is considerably more radiosensitive to radation than the cytoplasm of the cell.
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| show | DNA is the most radiosensitive compared to both RNA and protein. Then RNA is the next sensitive, and then protein.
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| What stage of mitosis is considered the most radiosensitive? | show 🗑
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| show | The most radioresistant phase would include mid-to late S-phase.
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| List three possible events that may occur when a cell is irradiated. | show 🗑
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| Linear Energy Transfer (LET) Define this term: | show 🗑
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| show | X- and gamma rays.
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| What kind of rays are highly ionizing and have a high chance to interact with tissue and are considered high LET radiation? | show 🗑
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| Describe the relationship between LET and the chance for a biologic interaction to occur. | show 🗑
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| show | A comparison of how effective types of radiation are compared with X and gamma rays.
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| show | Factors that affect RBE include radiation type, tissue type, physiologic condition, biologic result being examined and the radiation dose rate
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| Describe the relationship between LET and RBE. | show 🗑
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| Explain the concept of “oxygen enhancement ratio(OER): | show 🗑
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| show | The Ratio is the dose that produces a given biologic response under anoxic conditions divided by the dose that produces the same biologic response under aerobic conditions
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| show | We are most radiosensitive before birth. Radiosensitivity declines until maturity which is the time that we are the most radioresistant. With older age, humans become more radiosensitive again.
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| show | Is a result of ionization and excitation, an interaction that happens directly on a critical biological macromolecule.
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| Indirect Effect: | show 🗑
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| List the possible by-products of the radiolysis of water. | show 🗑
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| show | Main-chain scission, cross-linking, and point lesions.
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| Identify the type of radiation damage that creates genetic (point) mutations and include the type of radiation it commonly occurs in. | show 🗑
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| Explain the function of a dose-response relationship curve. | show 🗑
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| linear, nonthreshold: | show 🗑
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| show | An observed response is directly proportional to the dose, assuming that there is a radiation level reached below which there would be no effects observed.
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| nonlinear, nonthreshold | show 🗑
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| show | An observed response is not directly proportional to the dose and assuming that there is a radiation level reached below which there would be no effects observed
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| show | According to the target theory, there will be cell death only if the cell’s target molecule is inactivated. DNA is said to be the critical molecular target.
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