Adolescent Psychology Exam 2
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| What are the origins of compulsory education in America? | show 🗑
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| Over the decades (starting from the 70s), what school reform system was in place? | show 🗑
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| show | a mandate that states all states ensure that all students, regardless of economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency on standardized annual tests; schoo that repeatedly fail face losing funding or being forced to close
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| What is social promotion? | show 🗑
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| Why has school reform failed in urban schools? | show 🗑
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| What is the ideal size of a school? | show 🗑
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| Why are smaller schools better than larger schools? | show 🗑
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| show | No, students learn just as much in a class of 40 students as in a class of 20 students
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| show | school grades and academic motivation drops while scores on standardized tests stay the same
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| show | reducing anonymity, hiring teachers with training in adolescent development, and stregthening ties between the school and the community
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| show | in middle/junior high school, teachers believe that the student's intelligence is fixed, are less likely to trust their students and emphasize discipline and they are not confident in their own teaching abilities; schools are larger and less personal
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| What is tracking? | show 🗑
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| What do critics argue are the problems with tracking in schools? | show 🗑
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| How is gender discrimination prevalent in tracking? | show 🗑
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| What is a gifted student? | show 🗑
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| What is the Big Fish-Little Pond effect? | show 🗑
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| show | it has little impact on adolescent achievement levels; african americans are more likely to graduate and continue education in college; minorities have higher self esteem in schools where they are the majority
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| Are private schools better than public schools? | show 🗑
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| What is the most important factor in academic achievement? | show 🗑
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| show | you can improve one's student achievement by changing the broader climate, not individual classrooms (add school planning and management team, social support team, and parent team)
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| show | they are more diverse and accessible and they have wider variety of liberal arts, technical, vocational, and preprofessional schools
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| show | they emphasize intellectual activities, employ teachers who are committed, monitor students and the school to make changes, links with the community, and promote student participation in critical thinking
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| show | schools can solve any social or political problem, only a portion of youngsters are capable of benefiting from a high-quality education, and imparting knowledge is unimportant...schools should focus on engaging students in activities and experiences
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| Who are the learning disabled? | show 🗑
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| show | spends more time on leisure than productive activities, spends more time alone than with family (prefers friends), and spends four times as many hours per week at a part-time job than homework
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| What led to more adolescent free time in contemporary society? | show 🗑
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| show | little/no contact with adults (employees & customers are teenagers, supervisor not much older), no independent behavior or decision making, little supervisor instruction, hardly any use of skills learned in school, repititious/boring, stressful, dangerous
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| show | premature affluence, decrease in school performance (absent more oftn, less involvement in extracurriculars, less enjoyment in school, less time on homework, and lower grades)
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| show | working long hours may be associated with increases in aggeression, school misconduct, precocious sexual activity and minor delinquency
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| Who is more susceptivle to problem behaviors resulting from adolescent work? | show 🗑
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| show | high school dropouts
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| What are suggestions to combat youth unemployment? | show 🗑
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| show | it will help integrate adolescents into the community, enhance their feelings of confidence and responsibility, and put them in touch with adult role models
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| show | Leisure activities; clothes, food, and cosmetics for girls; food, clothes, and saving for big ticketed items for guys
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| What are the five c's of positive youth development? | show 🗑
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| show | cultivation theory (media shapes beliefs), uses and gratification approach (adolescent choose media), and media practice model (not only choose meddia, but also interpret media in ways that shape their impact)
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| What is reverse causation? | show 🗑
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| What is spruious causation? | show 🗑
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| What are the three different appoaches to how the individual's sense of identity changes over time? | show 🗑
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| show | part-time opportunities are not as readily available, scheduling is not suited to fit around the daily routines of teenagers, there is a negative stigma associated with working, and there is more out of school time for homework
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| show | a perspective on adolescene that views unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause of misbehavior
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| show | a way of promoting products or services by encouraging individuals to pass information on to others
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| What is the false-self behavior? | show 🗑
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| show | the theory that there are five basic dimensions to personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience
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| What is barometric self-esteem? | show 🗑
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| show | the aspect of self-esteem that is realatively stable across situations and over time
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| show | generally boys have more esteem that girls; the difference is pronounced among white an puerto rican teens, less pronounced among african-americans, but all differences become smaller over the course of adolescence
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| How does SES factor into self-esteem? | show 🗑
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| What the is the self-esteem difference between african american and white/hispanic girls? | show 🗑
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| show | have support/positive feedback of adults in the african-american community, focus on areas of strength not weakness, and have a strong sense of ethnic identity that enhances self-esteen
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| show | lower levels of authoritative parenting, lower levels of perceived teacher support, weaker sense of ethnic identity, higher levels of family stress
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| Across all demographic groups, self-esteem is related to what? | show 🗑
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| show | more behavioral problems and poorer school achievement
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| What are the problems in identity development? | show 🗑
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| show | assimilation (adopting culture's norms), marginality (living within majority but feeling outcsst), separation (associating only with those of own culture), and biculturalism (maintaining ties to majority and minority)
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| show | racial centrality (how important race is n defining identity), private regard (how you feel about being a member of race), and public regard (how you think that others view your race)
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| What is the gender intensification hypothesis? | show 🗑
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| What kind of females and males report higher self-esteem than their peers? | show 🗑
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| What are the three aspects of self-image? | show 🗑
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| show | theory that a person mvoes through 8 psychosocial crises over the course of their life span, specifically in adolescence there is identity vs. identity diffusion (establishment of coherent sense of identity)
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| show | the adolescent's interactions with others; by responding to the reactions of peopole who matter, the adolescent picks/chooses from many elements that could become part of his adult identity
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| show | a period where individuals are free from excessive obligatons and responsibilities, and can therefore experiement with different roles and personalities
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| What are the four categories of Marcia's measure? | show 🗑
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| What is androgyny? | show 🗑
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| What are the four measures of emotional autonomy? | show 🗑
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| show | physical changes of puberty disrupt family system, resurgency of sexual impulses increase family tensions, detachment caused by emotional wedge between adolescents and parents
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| What triggers individuation? | show 🗑
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| What is individuation? | show 🗑
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| What is the first sign of individuation? | show 🗑
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| What does health individuation look like? | show 🗑
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| What groups of adolescents are most easily influenced by their friends, especially in antisocial contexts? | show 🗑
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| show | preconventional moral reasoning (worying about punishment/reward), conventional moral reasoning (following societal rules and norms), and postconventional moral reasoning (most abstract and advanced)
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| What has research shown about the correlation between moral behavior and moral reasoning? | show 🗑
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| What does Carol Gilligan think about Kohlberg's theory | show 🗑
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| show | In Gilligan's theory of moral development, a moral orientation that emphasizes fairness and objectivity
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| show | In Gilligan's theory of moral development a more orientation that emphasizes reponsding to others' needs
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| show | Kohlberg's theory, which agues that late adolescence is a time of potential shifting from a morality that defines right and wrong in terms of society's rules to one of the basis of one's own basic moral principles
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| What has research provided about the ways males and females approach moral problems? | show 🗑
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| show | emotional (establishment of adultlike close relationships with family and peers), behavioral (establishment of independent decisions and follow through), and value (establishment of independent set of values/beliefs)
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| show | they have higher self-esteem and fewer behavior problems; adolescent girls tend to report feeling more self-reliant than adolescent boys
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| show | gains in social responsibility, tolerance, and the importance that individuals place on the importance of helping others
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| What happens to political thinking and religious beliefs during the development of value autonomy? | show 🗑
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| Accoring to Sullivan's theory, which interpersonal needs are associate with adolescence? | show 🗑
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| show | the sixth stage/crisis characteristic of psychosocial development (Erikson), predominant during young adulthood
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| show | superficial intimacy characteristic of relationships between individuals who are not emotionally mature
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| What are the three types attachment in infancy? | show 🗑
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| What is the internal workking model? | show 🗑
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| Individuals who enjoyed a secure attachment to their caregiver during infancy develops what? | show 🗑
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| What are the sex differences in the expression of intimacy? | show 🗑
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| Who profits more psychologically from opposite-sex friendships | show 🗑
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| show | the social, rather than the biological aspects of growth, and psychological development an be best understood in interpersonal terms; focus on transformations in realtionships with others
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| show |
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| show | infatuation (interest in socializing with potential romantic/sexual partners), status (establishing/improving/maintaining peer group status), intimate (establish meaningful attachments to romantic partners), bonding (committment)
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| show | Sullivan: the development of intimacy leads to the development of a coherent sense of self in late adolescence; Erikson: one must have a clear sense of who one is in order to avoid becoming lost in a relationship with someone else
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| show | seriously dating before age 15 has a stunting effect on psychosocial development; adolescent girls who do not date at all show retaded social development, excessive dependency on parents, feelings of insecurity
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| show | accepting one's changing body, accepting one's feelings of sexual arousal, understanding thatsexua activity is voluntary, and practicing safe sex
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| What are restrictive societies? | show 🗑
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| show | societies in which pressures against adolescent sexual activity exist but are not vigilantly enforced
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| Early sexual activity (before age 16) is more common for what adolescents? | show 🗑
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| Ealy sexual activity (before age 16) is associated with what behaviors? | show 🗑
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| Adolescents who have been sexually abused are more likely to show what? | show 🗑
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| show | less likely to become sexually active at an early age and less likely to engage in risky sexual activity
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| Parent-adolescent communication about sex does what? | show 🗑
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| show | intrinsic - motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task; extrinsic - motivation based on the rewards one will rceive for successful performance
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| show | the harmful effect that exposure to stereotypes about eithnic or sex differences in ability has on student performance
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| show | the sense that na individual has some control over his or her life
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| show | the beliefs an individual holds about the causes of one's successes and failures
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| What is learned helplessness? | show 🗑
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| show | According to Super, the stage during which individuals, typically ages 14-18, first begin to formulate their ideas about appropriate occupations
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| What is specification? | show 🗑
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| show | the particcupar sorts of rewards an individual looks for in a job (extrinsic, intrinsic, social, altruistic, secuiry, influence, leisure)
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| show | personality, work values, social background, and perceptions of the balbor market and their potential place in it
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| Teens with high need for achievement have authoritative parents who have done what? | show 🗑
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| What are the three factors that interact to predict students' behavior in school | show 🗑
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| How does the home environment influence achievement? | show 🗑
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| Educational achievement is defined in what three ways? | show 🗑
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| What are the reasons given for poor achivement in the United States? | show 🗑
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| What is Super's Theory? | show 🗑
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| What is the problem behavior syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | a theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society's main institutions
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| What is negative affectivity? | show 🗑
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| show | a neurotransmitter espcially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of pleasure
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| show | 14; drugs can affect dopamine production in the brain, possibly altering it permanently
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| What are psychopaths? | show 🗑
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| show | individuals who being demonstrating antisocial or aggressive behavior during childhood and continue their antisocial behavior throughout adolescence and into adulthood
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| show | the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile
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| Antisocial behavior takes what three forms? | show 🗑
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| show | early family problems, childhood aggression, and neuropsychological deficits as well as strong dispositions toward antisocial behavior
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| What is oxytocin? | show 🗑
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| What is the diathesis-stress model? | show 🗑
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| What are SSRIs? | show 🗑
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| What is Kandel's argument regarding problem behaviors? | show 🗑
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| Studies show that there are six patterns of substance use. What are they? | show 🗑
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| What are the major risk factors for substance abuse? | show 🗑
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| What are the major protective factors against substance abuse? | show 🗑
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| show | those that combine social competence training for adolescenets and community-wide interventions aimed at adolescents, peers, parents, and teachers
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| Why are females more likely to be depressed? | show 🗑
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| What are some treatment and prevention approaches of internalizing problems? | show 🗑
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