A&P 1
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| Anything that takes up space and has mass | Matter
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| A substance that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties | Elememt
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| Smallest particle of an element that displays properties of the element | Atom
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| The ability and capacity to do work | Energy
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| Potential energy | Stored energy, the capacity to do work
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| Kinetic energy | energy of motion, the process of doing work
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| Energy is neither created or destroyed, but can be converted in forms | 1st law of thermodynamics
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| with each energy conversion, there is a loss of energy as entropy | 2nd law of thermodynamics
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| burning of a match | chemical energy to light and heat energy
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| gasoline motor | chemical energy to mechanical energy
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| Electrical light bulbs | electrical energy to light energy
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| Cellular respiration | chemical energy of glucose to chemical energy of ATP and heat
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| Number of protons in an atom | atomic number
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| number of protons and neutrons in an atom | atomic mass
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| Atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus a different atomic weight | isotopes
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| Heavier isotopes of many elements are unstable, and their atoms decompose spntaneously into more forms | Radioativity
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| Utilized for biological research and medicine | Radioisotopes
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| Electron orbitals have different amounts of | potential energy
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| union of 2 or more atoms of the same element, also the smallest part of a compund that still has properties of that compund | molecules
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| Substances having 2 or more different elements united chemicaly in a fixed ratio | compound
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| made up of a solvent(liquid that dissolves) and a solute (dissolved substance) | solutions
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| large solute particles that tend to stay relativley dispersed` | colloids
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| large sollute particles that tend to settle out unless mixed | suspensions
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| When this occurs electrons shift in their relationship with one anotherand energy may be given off or absorbed | chemical reaction
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| result when electrons are transferred or shared from one atom to another | Chemical bonds
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| valence shells are not complete, do not readily react with other chemicals | inert elements
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| formed when electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another | ionic bond
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| charged particles that carry a + or - charge | ions
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| results when two atoms SHARE electrons in such away that each atom has a complete outer shell | covlent bonding
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| Unique properties of water | High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization
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| The polarity of h2o molecules cause ionic and other polar molecules to disolve | Universal solvent
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| The UNEQUAL sharing of electrons | Polar covalent bonding
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| the relativley EQUAL sharing of electrons | Nonpolar covalent bonding
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| occurs between a slightly positive H atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another moleccule | Hydrogen bonding
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| pH stands for | percent hydrogen ions
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| Molecules that dissocaite in water releasing H+ ions. Less than 7 | Acids
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| Molecules that dissociate in water releasing hydroxyl. more than 7 | Bases or alkalines
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| pure water or a ph of 7 | Neutral
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| NaOH | sodium hydroxide
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| HCl | Hydrochloric Acid
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| Chemicals or combinations of chemicals that take up excess H+ or OH- and keep the pH within normal limits | Buffers
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| C based molcules that always contain H, bonding with N, O, and sometimes P and S | Organic Chemistry
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| usually contain + and - ions, usually ionic bonding, always small molecules associated with nonliving matter | Inorganic Molecules
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| Always contain C and H, associated with LIVING matter | Organic molecules
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| molecules that have identical molecular molecular formulas but are different becuase the atoms are arranged differently | isomers
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| simple building blocks of large, organic molecules | monomers
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| large molecules composed of 2 or more monomers | Polymers
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| Functions: energy and energy storage, sometimes cell structural materials | Carbohydrates
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| Blood sugar | Glucose
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| Fruit sugar | frutose
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| milk sugar | galactose
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| table sugar | sucrose
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| milk sugar | lactose
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| grain sugar | maltose
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| long polymers of monosaccharides. Functions are energy storage and structural components | polysaccharides
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| glucose storage for plants | starch
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| glucose storgae for animals | glycogen
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| Functions in plant cell wall strength, the most abundant organic compound on earth | cellulose
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| c chains filled, saturated, usually solid at rom temperature | animal fats
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| c chains not filled, unsaturated, usually liquid at room temperature | vegetable fats
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| solid at room temperature, waterproof, and resistant to degredation | waxes
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| in place of the third fatty acid, there is a phosphate group | phospholipids
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| controls metabolism of the cell | steroids
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| biological catalyst that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction | enzymes
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| nucleotides(nitrogen bases, pentose sugars, phosphates) | monomers
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| DNA, RNA, and ATP | polymers
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| all cells are bound by this structure, also called the cell membrane | plasma membrane
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| extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails and are finally embeded | integral proteins
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| proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends | glycoproteins
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| cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus | cytoplasm
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| viscous, semitransparent fluid | cytosol
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| metabolic machinery of the cell | organelles
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| chemical substances that may or may not be present | inclusions
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| a double membrane organelle, cristae and matrix, that breaks down carbohydrates to ATP, the energy current of the cellFunction- conversion of chemical energy of food to the chemical energy of ATP. BREAKS DOWN CARBS | Mitochondira
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| found both in prokaryote and eukaryote cells, and may be found free in the cytoplasm, or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Small, dark staining structures composed of proteins and RNA. Functions in protein synthesis. | Ribosomes
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| an extensive network of double membranes, enclosing fluid-filled cavities called cisternae, highly variable and physically continuous in the nucleus. Functions- synthesis, modification and transport of certain materials | Endoplasmic reticulum
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| consists of stacked and flattened membranous sacs, shaped like hollow dinner plates. Functions- modify, concentrate and package proteins and lipids made by the rough er | golgi Apparatus
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| Disintergrator bodies, spherical membranous organelles containing digestive enzymes. Functions- digesting particles, degrading worn out organelles, metabolic functions, "eat everything" | Lysosomes
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| a system of organelles that function collectivley toproduce store and export biological molecules, degrade potentially harmful substances | Endomembrane systems
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| membranous sacs containing powerful enzymes such as oxidases and catalases | peroxisomes
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| supporting cellular structures and genertates cell movement. | Cytoskeleton(Cell skeleton)
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| Transport without energy | passive transport
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| transport with energy | active transport
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| transporting things out of the cell | exocytosis
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| transporting into the cell | endocytosis
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| englufing things in the cell | phagocytosis
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| 1. the cell is the basic structural and functional unit og living organisms2. the activity of an organism depends on the collective activites of its cell3. "principle complimentarity" a cells shape reflects its function.4 Continuityoflifeisbasedon | Cell theory
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