Senses
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| ability to perceive stimuli | Sense
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| conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory neurons | Sensation
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| sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli by developing action potentials | Sensory receptors
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| receptors over large part of body that sense touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and itch | General senses
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| ___________ senses provide information about body and environment : __________ senses provide information about internal organs | somatic : visceral
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| Special senses (5) | smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance
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| • detect movement • Example, touch, pressure, vibration | Mechanoreceptors
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| • detect chemicals • Examples, odors and taste | Chemoreceptors
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| • detect light | Photoreceptors
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| • detect temperature changes | Thermoreceptors
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| • detect pain | Nociceptors
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| • detect light touch and pressure | Merkel’s disk
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| • detect light touch | Hair follicle receptors
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| • deep in epidermis • localizing tactile sensations | Meissner corpuscle
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| • deep tactile receptors • detects continuous pressure in skin | Ruffini corpuscle
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| • deepest receptors • associated with tendons and joints • detect deep pressure, vibration, position | Pacinian corpuscle
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| It is an unpleasant perceptual and emotional experience. It can be localized or diffuse. | PAIN
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| • sharp, pricking, cutting pain • rapid action potential | LOCALIZED PAIN
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| • burning, aching pain • slower action potentials | DIFFUSED PAIN
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| • action potentials suppressed from pain • receptors in local areas • chemicals are injected near sensory nerve | LOCAL ANESTHESIA
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| • loss of consciousness • chemicals affect reticular formation | GENERAL ANESTHESIA
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| • Originates in a region that is not source of pain stimulus • Felt when internal organs are damaged or inflamed • Sensory neurons from superficial area and neurons of source pain converge onto same ascending neurons of spinal cord | REFERRED PAIN
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| • sense of smell • occurs in response to odorants • receptors are located in superior portion of the nasal cavity • we can detect 10,000 different smells | OLFACTION
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| Only Neurons capable of reproduction (non-permanent cells) | Olfactory Neurons
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| Cranial nerve that detect scents | CN I (Olfactory Nerve)
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| Cranial nerve that detects noxious / painful stimuli (e.g., ammonia) | CN V (Trigeminal Nerve)
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| Located on neurons in the olfactory epithelium that project to mitral cells and from there directly to the olfactory cortex | Odorant Receptors
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| Olfactory memories: found in ________________ cortex | entorhinal
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| ______________ ________ Fracture: damages CN I but not CN V: • (+) anosmia but (+) response to ammonia | Cribriform Plate
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| • sensory structures that detect taste • located on papillae on tongue, hard palate, throat | Taste buds
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| • Inside each taste bud are ___ taste cells • Each taste cell has taste hairs that extend into taste pores | 40
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| Not true neurons, not synonymous with taste buds | Taste Receptors
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| Taste receptor is a type of chemoreceptor, innervated by afferents of CN ____, ____, _____ | VII, IX, X
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| (TASTE) Anterior 2/3 of tongue | CN VII (chorda tympani Facial Nerve)
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| (TASTE) Posterior 1/3 of tongue | CN IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)
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| (TASTE) Back of throat and epiglottis | CN X (Vagus Nerve)
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| Respond to sugar at the tip of the tongue | SWEET TASTE
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| Respond to glutamate at the tip of the tongue | UMAMI TASTE
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| Respond to sodium at the sides of the tongue | SALTY TASTE
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| Respond to acids at the sides of the tongue | SOUR TASTE
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| Respond to alkaloids at the back of the tongue | BITTER TASTE
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| (VISION) • protects from sweat • shade from sun | eyebrow
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| (VISION) • protects from foreign objects • lubricates by blinking | eyelids/eyelashes
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| Anatomy of Eye • Hollow, fluid filled sphere • Composed of 3 layers or _________ • Divided into chambers | tunics
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| (FIBROUS TUNIC/OUTERMOST TUNIC) • firm, white outer part • helps maintain eye shape, provides attachment sites for muscles, protects internal structures | Sclera
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| (FIBROUS TUNIC/OUTERMOST TUNIC) • transparent structure that covers iris and pupil • allows light to enter and focuses light | Cornea
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| Tunic that contains blood supply | Middle tunic
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| Components of vascular tunic | Iris, ciliary body, choroid
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| • black part (melanin) • delivers O2 and nutrients to retina | Choroid
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| • helps hold lens in place | Ciliary body & Suspensory ligaments
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| • Controls shape of lens via suspensory ligaments | Ciliary muscle
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| • flexible disk • focuses light onto retina | Lens
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| • colored part of eye • surrounds and regulates pupil | Iris
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| • regulates amount of light entering • lots of light = constricted • little light = dilated | Pupil
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| (FAR OBJECTS/NEAR OBJECTS) Lens: Flat Suspensory ligaments: Tensed Ciliary muscles: Relaxed | Far objects
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| Lens: Not flat Suspensory ligaments: Relaxed Ciliary muscles: Contract | Near objects
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| (Nervous tunic/Innermost tunic) • covers posterior 5/6 of eye • contains 2 layers (pigmented & sensory) | Retina
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| • outer layer of retina • keeps light from reflecting back in eye | Pigmented retina
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| • a layer of retina that contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) • contains interneurons | Sensory retina
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| • photoreceptor sensitive to light • 20 times more rods than cones • can function in dim light | Rods
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| • photoreceptor provide color vision • 3 types blue, green, red | Cones
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| • small spot near center of retina | Macula
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| • center of macula • where light is focused when looking directly at an object • only cones • ability to discriminate fine images | Fovea centralis
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| • white spot medial to macula • blood vessels enter eye and spread over retina • axons exit as optic nerve • no photoreceptors • called blind spot | Optic disk
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| (Chambers of the Eye) • located between cornea and lens • filled with aqueous humor (watery) • aqueous humor helps maintain pressure, refracts light, and provide nutrients to inner surface of eye | Anterior chamber
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| (Chambers of the Eye) • located in retina region • filled with vitreous humor: jelly-like substance • _________ _______ helps maintain pressure, holds lens and retina in place, refracts light | Vitreous chamber : vitreous humor
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| (Chambers of the Eye) • located behind anterior chamber • contains aqueous humor | Posterior chamber
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| (Neuronal Pathway for Vision) • leaves eye and exits orbit through optic foramen to enter cranial cavity | Optic nerve
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| (Neuronal Pathway for Vision) • where 2 optic nerves connect | Optic chiasm
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| (Neuronal Pathway for Vision) • route of ganglion axons | Optic tracts
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| Site of Lesion: Optic nerve Name of disorder: ? | Total loss of vision in the right eye
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| Site of Lesion: Optic chiasm (midline) Name of disorder: ? | Non-homonymous bitemporal hemianopsia
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| Site of Lesion: Optic tract Name of disorder: ? | Contralateral (left) homonymous hemianopsia
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| Site of Lesion: Inferior bank of calcrine fissure Name of disorder: ? | Superior left homonymous quadrantanopia (with macular sparing)
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| Site of Lesion: Superior bank of calcrine fissure Name of disorder: ? | Inferior left homonymous qudrantanopia (with macular sparing)
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| Site of Lesion: Both banks of calcrine fissure Name of disorder: ? | Contralateral (left) homonymous hemianopia (with macular sparing)
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| • The absence of perception of one or more colors • The loss may involve perception of all three colors or of one or two colors. • Most forms of color blindness occur more frequently in males and are X-linked genetic traits | Color Blindness
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| Region of the ear that extends from outside of head to eardrum | External ear
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| • fleshy part on outside of the ear | Auricle
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| • canal that leads to eardrum | External auditory meatus
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| • eardrum • thin membrane that separates external and middle ear | Tympanic membrane
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| Air filled chamber with ossicles | The Middle Ear
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| • bone attached to tympanic membrane | Malleus (hammer)
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| • bone that connects malleus to stapes | Incus (anvil)
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| • bone located at base of oval window | Stapes (stirrup)
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| • separates middle and inner ear | Oval window
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| • opens into pharynx • equalizes air pressure between outside air and middle ear | Eustachian or auditory tube
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| Set of fluid filled chambers | The Inner Ear
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| • tunnels filled with fluid • 3 regions: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals | Bony labyrinth
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| • inside bony labyrinth • filled with endolymph | Membranous labyrinth
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| • clear fluid in membranous labyrinth | Endolymph
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| • fluid between membranous and bony labyrinth | Perilymph
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| • snail-shell shaped structure • where hearing takes place | Cochlea
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| • in cochlea • filled with perilymph | Scala vestibuli & Scala tympani
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| • in cochlea • filled with endolymph | Cochlear duct
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| • in cochlear duct • contains hair cells | Spiral organ or organ of corti
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| • in cochlea • vibrates against hair cells | Tectorial membrane
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| attached to sensory neurons that when bent produce an action potential in the ear | Hair cells
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| • wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala vestibuli | Vestibular membrane
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| • wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala tympani | Basilar membrane
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| • associated with vestibule • evaluates position of head relative to gravity | Static equilibrium
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| • associated with semicircular canals • evaluates changes in direction and rate of head movement | Dynamic equilibrium
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| • inner ear • contains utricle and saccule | Vestibule
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| • specialized patches of epithelium in utricle and saccule surround by endolymph • contain hair cells | Maculae
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| • dynamic equilibrium • sense head movement in any direction | Semicircular canals
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| • Swelling at base of semicircular canal; has crista ampullaris | Ampulla
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| • gelatinous mass • contains microvilli of hair cells • float that is displaced by endolymph movement | Cupula
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