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ability to perceive stimuli
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conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory neurons
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ANAPHY
Senses
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ability to perceive stimuli | Sense |
| conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory neurons | Sensation |
| sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli by developing action potentials | Sensory receptors |
| receptors over large part of body that sense touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and itch | General senses |
| ___________ senses provide information about body and environment : __________ senses provide information about internal organs | somatic : visceral |
| Special senses (5) | smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance |
| • detect movement • Example, touch, pressure, vibration | Mechanoreceptors |
| • detect chemicals • Examples, odors and taste | Chemoreceptors |
| • detect light | Photoreceptors |
| • detect temperature changes | Thermoreceptors |
| • detect pain | Nociceptors |
| • detect light touch and pressure | Merkel’s disk |
| • detect light touch | Hair follicle receptors |
| • deep in epidermis • localizing tactile sensations | Meissner corpuscle |
| • deep tactile receptors • detects continuous pressure in skin | Ruffini corpuscle |
| • deepest receptors • associated with tendons and joints • detect deep pressure, vibration, position | Pacinian corpuscle |
| It is an unpleasant perceptual and emotional experience. It can be localized or diffuse. | PAIN |
| • sharp, pricking, cutting pain • rapid action potential | LOCALIZED PAIN |
| • burning, aching pain • slower action potentials | DIFFUSED PAIN |
| • action potentials suppressed from pain • receptors in local areas • chemicals are injected near sensory nerve | LOCAL ANESTHESIA |
| • loss of consciousness • chemicals affect reticular formation | GENERAL ANESTHESIA |
| • Originates in a region that is not source of pain stimulus • Felt when internal organs are damaged or inflamed • Sensory neurons from superficial area and neurons of source pain converge onto same ascending neurons of spinal cord | REFERRED PAIN |
| • sense of smell • occurs in response to odorants • receptors are located in superior portion of the nasal cavity • we can detect 10,000 different smells | OLFACTION |
| Only Neurons capable of reproduction (non-permanent cells) | Olfactory Neurons |
| Cranial nerve that detect scents | CN I (Olfactory Nerve) |
| Cranial nerve that detects noxious / painful stimuli (e.g., ammonia) | CN V (Trigeminal Nerve) |
| Located on neurons in the olfactory epithelium that project to mitral cells and from there directly to the olfactory cortex | Odorant Receptors |
| Olfactory memories: found in ________________ cortex | entorhinal |
| ______________ ________ Fracture: damages CN I but not CN V: • (+) anosmia but (+) response to ammonia | Cribriform Plate |
| • sensory structures that detect taste • located on papillae on tongue, hard palate, throat | Taste buds |
| • Inside each taste bud are ___ taste cells • Each taste cell has taste hairs that extend into taste pores | 40 |
| Not true neurons, not synonymous with taste buds | Taste Receptors |
| Taste receptor is a type of chemoreceptor, innervated by afferents of CN ____, ____, _____ | VII, IX, X |
| (TASTE) Anterior 2/3 of tongue | CN VII (chorda tympani Facial Nerve) |
| (TASTE) Posterior 1/3 of tongue | CN IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) |
| (TASTE) Back of throat and epiglottis | CN X (Vagus Nerve) |
| Respond to sugar at the tip of the tongue | SWEET TASTE |
| Respond to glutamate at the tip of the tongue | UMAMI TASTE |
| Respond to sodium at the sides of the tongue | SALTY TASTE |
| Respond to acids at the sides of the tongue | SOUR TASTE |
| Respond to alkaloids at the back of the tongue | BITTER TASTE |
| (VISION) • protects from sweat • shade from sun | eyebrow |
| (VISION) • protects from foreign objects • lubricates by blinking | eyelids/eyelashes |
| Anatomy of Eye • Hollow, fluid filled sphere • Composed of 3 layers or _________ • Divided into chambers | tunics |
| (FIBROUS TUNIC/OUTERMOST TUNIC) • firm, white outer part • helps maintain eye shape, provides attachment sites for muscles, protects internal structures | Sclera |
| (FIBROUS TUNIC/OUTERMOST TUNIC) • transparent structure that covers iris and pupil • allows light to enter and focuses light | Cornea |
| Tunic that contains blood supply | Middle tunic |
| Components of vascular tunic | Iris, ciliary body, choroid |
| • black part (melanin) • delivers O2 and nutrients to retina | Choroid |
| • helps hold lens in place | Ciliary body & Suspensory ligaments |
| • Controls shape of lens via suspensory ligaments | Ciliary muscle |
| • flexible disk • focuses light onto retina | Lens |
| • colored part of eye • surrounds and regulates pupil | Iris |
| • regulates amount of light entering • lots of light = constricted • little light = dilated | Pupil |
| (FAR OBJECTS/NEAR OBJECTS) Lens: Flat Suspensory ligaments: Tensed Ciliary muscles: Relaxed | Far objects |
| Lens: Not flat Suspensory ligaments: Relaxed Ciliary muscles: Contract | Near objects |
| (Nervous tunic/Innermost tunic) • covers posterior 5/6 of eye • contains 2 layers (pigmented & sensory) | Retina |
| • outer layer of retina • keeps light from reflecting back in eye | Pigmented retina |
| • a layer of retina that contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) • contains interneurons | Sensory retina |
| • photoreceptor sensitive to light • 20 times more rods than cones • can function in dim light | Rods |
| • photoreceptor provide color vision • 3 types blue, green, red | Cones |
| • small spot near center of retina | Macula |
| • center of macula • where light is focused when looking directly at an object • only cones • ability to discriminate fine images | Fovea centralis |
| • white spot medial to macula • blood vessels enter eye and spread over retina • axons exit as optic nerve • no photoreceptors • called blind spot | Optic disk |
| (Chambers of the Eye) • located between cornea and lens • filled with aqueous humor (watery) • aqueous humor helps maintain pressure, refracts light, and provide nutrients to inner surface of eye | Anterior chamber |
| (Chambers of the Eye) • located in retina region • filled with vitreous humor: jelly-like substance • _________ _______ helps maintain pressure, holds lens and retina in place, refracts light | Vitreous chamber : vitreous humor |
| (Chambers of the Eye) • located behind anterior chamber • contains aqueous humor | Posterior chamber |
| (Neuronal Pathway for Vision) • leaves eye and exits orbit through optic foramen to enter cranial cavity | Optic nerve |
| (Neuronal Pathway for Vision) • where 2 optic nerves connect | Optic chiasm |
| (Neuronal Pathway for Vision) • route of ganglion axons | Optic tracts |
| Site of Lesion: Optic nerve Name of disorder: ? | Total loss of vision in the right eye |
| Site of Lesion: Optic chiasm (midline) Name of disorder: ? | Non-homonymous bitemporal hemianopsia |
| Site of Lesion: Optic tract Name of disorder: ? | Contralateral (left) homonymous hemianopsia |
| Site of Lesion: Inferior bank of calcrine fissure Name of disorder: ? | Superior left homonymous quadrantanopia (with macular sparing) |
| Site of Lesion: Superior bank of calcrine fissure Name of disorder: ? | Inferior left homonymous qudrantanopia (with macular sparing) |
| Site of Lesion: Both banks of calcrine fissure Name of disorder: ? | Contralateral (left) homonymous hemianopia (with macular sparing) |
| • The absence of perception of one or more colors • The loss may involve perception of all three colors or of one or two colors. • Most forms of color blindness occur more frequently in males and are X-linked genetic traits | Color Blindness |
| Region of the ear that extends from outside of head to eardrum | External ear |
| • fleshy part on outside of the ear | Auricle |
| • canal that leads to eardrum | External auditory meatus |
| • eardrum • thin membrane that separates external and middle ear | Tympanic membrane |
| Air filled chamber with ossicles | The Middle Ear |
| • bone attached to tympanic membrane | Malleus (hammer) |
| • bone that connects malleus to stapes | Incus (anvil) |
| • bone located at base of oval window | Stapes (stirrup) |
| • separates middle and inner ear | Oval window |
| • opens into pharynx • equalizes air pressure between outside air and middle ear | Eustachian or auditory tube |
| Set of fluid filled chambers | The Inner Ear |
| • tunnels filled with fluid • 3 regions: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals | Bony labyrinth |
| • inside bony labyrinth • filled with endolymph | Membranous labyrinth |
| • clear fluid in membranous labyrinth | Endolymph |
| • fluid between membranous and bony labyrinth | Perilymph |
| • snail-shell shaped structure • where hearing takes place | Cochlea |
| • in cochlea • filled with perilymph | Scala vestibuli & Scala tympani |
| • in cochlea • filled with endolymph | Cochlear duct |
| • in cochlear duct • contains hair cells | Spiral organ or organ of corti |
| • in cochlea • vibrates against hair cells | Tectorial membrane |
| attached to sensory neurons that when bent produce an action potential in the ear | Hair cells |
| • wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala vestibuli | Vestibular membrane |
| • wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala tympani | Basilar membrane |
| • associated with vestibule • evaluates position of head relative to gravity | Static equilibrium |
| • associated with semicircular canals • evaluates changes in direction and rate of head movement | Dynamic equilibrium |
| • inner ear • contains utricle and saccule | Vestibule |
| • specialized patches of epithelium in utricle and saccule surround by endolymph • contain hair cells | Maculae |
| • dynamic equilibrium • sense head movement in any direction | Semicircular canals |
| • Swelling at base of semicircular canal; has crista ampullaris | Ampulla |
| • gelatinous mass • contains microvilli of hair cells • float that is displaced by endolymph movement | Cupula |
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yulyae