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ANAPHY

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Created by: yulyae

Term	Definition
ability to perceive stimuli	Sense
conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory neurons	Sensation
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli by developing action potentials	Sensory receptors
receptors over large part of body that sense touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and itch	General senses
___________ senses provide information about body and environment : __________ senses provide information about internal organs	somatic : visceral
Special senses (5)	smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance
• detect movement • Example, touch, pressure, vibration	Mechanoreceptors
• detect chemicals • Examples, odors and taste	Chemoreceptors
• detect light	Photoreceptors
• detect temperature changes	Thermoreceptors
• detect pain	Nociceptors
• detect light touch and pressure	Merkel’s disk
• detect light touch	Hair follicle receptors
• deep in epidermis • localizing tactile sensations	Meissner corpuscle
• deep tactile receptors • detects continuous pressure in skin	Ruffini corpuscle
• deepest receptors • associated with tendons and joints • detect deep pressure, vibration, position	Pacinian corpuscle
It is an unpleasant perceptual and emotional experience. It can be localized or diffuse.	PAIN
• sharp, pricking, cutting pain • rapid action potential	LOCALIZED PAIN
• burning, aching pain • slower action potentials	DIFFUSED PAIN
• action potentials suppressed from pain • receptors in local areas • chemicals are injected near sensory nerve	LOCAL ANESTHESIA
• loss of consciousness • chemicals affect reticular formation	GENERAL ANESTHESIA
• Originates in a region that is not source of pain stimulus • Felt when internal organs are damaged or inflamed • Sensory neurons from superficial area and neurons of source pain converge onto same ascending neurons of spinal cord	REFERRED PAIN
• sense of smell • occurs in response to odorants • receptors are located in superior portion of the nasal cavity • we can detect 10,000 different smells	OLFACTION
Only Neurons capable of reproduction (non-permanent cells)	Olfactory Neurons
Cranial nerve that detect scents	CN I (Olfactory Nerve)
Cranial nerve that detects noxious / painful stimuli (e.g., ammonia)	CN V (Trigeminal Nerve)
Located on neurons in the olfactory epithelium that project to mitral cells and from there directly to the olfactory cortex	Odorant Receptors
Olfactory memories: found in ________________ cortex	entorhinal
______________ ________ Fracture: damages CN I but not CN V: • (+) anosmia but (+) response to ammonia	Cribriform Plate
• sensory structures that detect taste • located on papillae on tongue, hard palate, throat	Taste buds
• Inside each taste bud are ___ taste cells • Each taste cell has taste hairs that extend into taste pores	40
Not true neurons, not synonymous with taste buds	Taste Receptors
Taste receptor is a type of chemoreceptor, innervated by afferents of CN ____, ____, _____	VII, IX, X
(TASTE) Anterior 2/3 of tongue	CN VII (chorda tympani Facial Nerve)
(TASTE) Posterior 1/3 of tongue	CN IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)
(TASTE) Back of throat and epiglottis	CN X (Vagus Nerve)
Respond to sugar at the tip of the tongue	SWEET TASTE
Respond to glutamate at the tip of the tongue	UMAMI TASTE
Respond to sodium at the sides of the tongue	SALTY TASTE
Respond to acids at the sides of the tongue	SOUR TASTE
Respond to alkaloids at the back of the tongue	BITTER TASTE
(VISION) • protects from sweat • shade from sun	eyebrow
(VISION) • protects from foreign objects • lubricates by blinking	eyelids/eyelashes
Anatomy of Eye • Hollow, fluid filled sphere • Composed of 3 layers or _________ • Divided into chambers	tunics
(FIBROUS TUNIC/OUTERMOST TUNIC) • firm, white outer part • helps maintain eye shape, provides attachment sites for muscles, protects internal structures	Sclera
(FIBROUS TUNIC/OUTERMOST TUNIC) • transparent structure that covers iris and pupil • allows light to enter and focuses light	Cornea
Tunic that contains blood supply	Middle tunic
Components of vascular tunic	Iris, ciliary body, choroid
• black part (melanin) • delivers O2 and nutrients to retina	Choroid
• helps hold lens in place	Ciliary body & Suspensory ligaments
• Controls shape of lens via suspensory ligaments	Ciliary muscle
• flexible disk • focuses light onto retina	Lens
• colored part of eye • surrounds and regulates pupil	Iris
• regulates amount of light entering • lots of light = constricted • little light = dilated	Pupil
(FAR OBJECTS/NEAR OBJECTS) Lens: Flat Suspensory ligaments: Tensed Ciliary muscles: Relaxed	Far objects
Lens: Not flat Suspensory ligaments: Relaxed Ciliary muscles: Contract	Near objects
(Nervous tunic/Innermost tunic) • covers posterior 5/6 of eye • contains 2 layers (pigmented & sensory)	Retina
• outer layer of retina • keeps light from reflecting back in eye	Pigmented retina
• a layer of retina that contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) • contains interneurons	Sensory retina
• photoreceptor sensitive to light • 20 times more rods than cones • can function in dim light	Rods
• photoreceptor provide color vision • 3 types blue, green, red	Cones
• small spot near center of retina	Macula
• center of macula • where light is focused when looking directly at an object • only cones • ability to discriminate fine images	Fovea centralis
• white spot medial to macula • blood vessels enter eye and spread over retina • axons exit as optic nerve • no photoreceptors • called blind spot	Optic disk
(Chambers of the Eye) • located between cornea and lens • filled with aqueous humor (watery) • aqueous humor helps maintain pressure, refracts light, and provide nutrients to inner surface of eye	Anterior chamber
(Chambers of the Eye) • located in retina region • filled with vitreous humor: jelly-like substance • _________ _______ helps maintain pressure, holds lens and retina in place, refracts light	Vitreous chamber : vitreous humor
(Chambers of the Eye) • located behind anterior chamber • contains aqueous humor	Posterior chamber
(Neuronal Pathway for Vision) • leaves eye and exits orbit through optic foramen to enter cranial cavity	Optic nerve
(Neuronal Pathway for Vision) • where 2 optic nerves connect	Optic chiasm
(Neuronal Pathway for Vision) • route of ganglion axons	Optic tracts
Site of Lesion: Optic nerve Name of disorder: ?	Total loss of vision in the right eye
Site of Lesion: Optic chiasm (midline) Name of disorder: ?	Non-homonymous bitemporal hemianopsia
Site of Lesion: Optic tract Name of disorder: ?	Contralateral (left) homonymous hemianopsia
Site of Lesion: Inferior bank of calcrine fissure Name of disorder: ?	Superior left homonymous quadrantanopia (with macular sparing)
Site of Lesion: Superior bank of calcrine fissure Name of disorder: ?	Inferior left homonymous qudrantanopia (with macular sparing)
Site of Lesion: Both banks of calcrine fissure Name of disorder: ?	Contralateral (left) homonymous hemianopia (with macular sparing)
• The absence of perception of one or more colors • The loss may involve perception of all three colors or of one or two colors. • Most forms of color blindness occur more frequently in males and are X-linked genetic traits	Color Blindness
Region of the ear that extends from outside of head to eardrum	External ear
• fleshy part on outside of the ear	Auricle
• canal that leads to eardrum	External auditory meatus
• eardrum • thin membrane that separates external and middle ear	Tympanic membrane
Air filled chamber with ossicles	The Middle Ear
• bone attached to tympanic membrane	Malleus (hammer)
• bone that connects malleus to stapes	Incus (anvil)
• bone located at base of oval window	Stapes (stirrup)
• separates middle and inner ear	Oval window
• opens into pharynx • equalizes air pressure between outside air and middle ear	Eustachian or auditory tube
Set of fluid filled chambers	The Inner Ear
• tunnels filled with fluid • 3 regions: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals	Bony labyrinth
• inside bony labyrinth • filled with endolymph	Membranous labyrinth
• clear fluid in membranous labyrinth	Endolymph
• fluid between membranous and bony labyrinth	Perilymph
• snail-shell shaped structure • where hearing takes place	Cochlea
• in cochlea • filled with perilymph	Scala vestibuli & Scala tympani
• in cochlea • filled with endolymph	Cochlear duct
• in cochlear duct • contains hair cells	Spiral organ or organ of corti
• in cochlea • vibrates against hair cells	Tectorial membrane
attached to sensory neurons that when bent produce an action potential in the ear	Hair cells
• wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala vestibuli	Vestibular membrane
• wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala tympani	Basilar membrane
• associated with vestibule • evaluates position of head relative to gravity	Static equilibrium
• associated with semicircular canals • evaluates changes in direction and rate of head movement	Dynamic equilibrium
• inner ear • contains utricle and saccule	Vestibule
• specialized patches of epithelium in utricle and saccule surround by endolymph • contain hair cells	Maculae
• dynamic equilibrium • sense head movement in any direction	Semicircular canals
• Swelling at base of semicircular canal; has crista ampullaris	Ampulla
• gelatinous mass • contains microvilli of hair cells • float that is displaced by endolymph movement	Cupula