Science review
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| what do transcription and translation do? | transcription groups codons and translation tells what protein is made by the codon
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| genetics | the study of genes and how traits are passed
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| Who is considered the father of modern genetics | Gregor Mendel
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| What plants did he work with | Pea plants
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| How many copies of each gene do humans have? where do they come from | one set from mom one set from father
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| what structures are genes located on | chromosomes
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| how many copies of the dominant gene do you need to see the dominant phenotype | only 1
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| how many copies of the recessive gene do you need to see the recessive phenotype | must have 2
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| define genotype | the gene combination an organism has
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| What are the main sources of variation | DNA mutation
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| How does knowledge of genetics help support the theory of evolution? | DNA shows proof that an organism evolved from others
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| how do variations and natural selection lead to adaption | survival of the fittest
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| who worked out the modern system of classification | Carl Lineaus
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| What are 2-3 advantages of giving organisms scientific names | universal, easier, only one name per organism
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| in a scientific name, the first is? the second is? | Genusspecies
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| List the eight taxa from largest to smallest | Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species(HINT: Do Kings Play Chess on Fine Green Silk)
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| What is the relationship between classification and evolution | shows that organisms have a common ancestor
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| what is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote | prokaryote - no nucleus, eukaryote - has nucleus
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| What are the 3 domains | Archae, Bacteris, Eukarya
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| Which of the 3 domains are made of prokaryotes | Archae and Bacteria
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| How can you tell if two organisms are in the same species, by mating them | if they produce fertile offspring
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| Define consumer, classification, taxonomy | consumer-heterotrophclassification-method to group organismstaxonomy-the study of classification
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| Define species, taxon and binomial nomenclature | species - group of similar organisms that can mate and have babiestaxon - a group of one or more organisms considered to be a unitbinomial nomenclature - the form of naming a species
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| Define autotroph, heterotroph | autotroph - an organism that makes its own foodheterotroph - an organism that cannot make its own food
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| Define prokaryote and eukaryote | prokaryote group of organisms that lack a nucleuseurkaryote an organism that has complex cell structure - with a nucleus
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| What is the scientific name for humans | Homo sapiens
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| What are the four eukaryote kingdoms | Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
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| What is the only kind of unicellular fungus | protista
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| what kinds of food and drink can you get when it carries out fermentation | beer wine bread
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| What kind of food product do bacteria make during fermentation | yogurt, cheese
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| Archaea and Bacteria | 1. No nucleus present (prokaryotes)2. bacteria
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| Animal like protistsFungus like protistsPlant like protists | protozoaslime moldsalgae
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| How are protozoa put into their classes | by the way they move
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| What are both the animal like and plant like characteristics of Euglena | It moves like an animal and hunts for food. It does photosynthesis like a plant
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| How does a protist move | cilia
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| is a protist an autotroph or heterotroph | heterotroph
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| where does the protist store food | vacuole
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| how does the protist control its water balance | contractile vacuole
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| is the contractile involved in passive or active transport | active ATP is used
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| What happens to a protist whose contractile vacuole stops working | it explodes
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| what are invertebrates | without backbone
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| which evolved first, invertebrates or vertebrates | invertabrates
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| what are vertabrates | organisms that have backbone
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| what do vertabra protect | spinal cord
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| similar specialized cells form what? | tissue
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| a group of different tissues working to do a function form an? | organ
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| write the levels of organization from simplest to most complex | specialized cells, tissue, organ, organ system, multicellular organism
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| what do your different kinds of tissue do | connective - connectsepithelial - covers organsnerve - sends impulsesmuscle - causes movement
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| 3 types of muscle | skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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| skeletal muscles act in pairs | one contracts; the other relaxes
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| if the muscle contracts does it get longer or shorter | shorther
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| if the muscle contracts is it pulling or pushing the bone | pulling only - never pushes
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| what causes movement, contraction or relaxation | contraction
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| is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary? cardiac? smooth muscle? | voluntaryinvoluntaryinvoluntary
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| what stimulates muscle to contract | a nerve impulse
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| is skeletal muscle smooth or striated? cardiac? smooth? | striatedboth smooth and skeletalnot striated
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| what are the functions of the skeleton | movement, RBC, stores minerals, support
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| what is a vertebrate | organism with backbone
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| what do tendons do | attach muscle to bone
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| what do ligaments do | attach bone to bone
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| what kind of tissue are ligaments made of | skeletal
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| what organs are protected by which parts of your skeleton | most organs are protected by the sternum, ribs and vertabrae
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| what are the parts of blood and what each one does | RBC - carry oxygenWBC - fight infectionPlasma - watery part that allows movementplatelets - stop bleeding
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| Three types of vessels | Arteries, veins, capillaries
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| how do the three types of vessels differ from each other | arteries carry blood away from heart, veins carry blood to heart and have valves, capillaries are tiny and exchange with the cells
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| what are the four blood types | A, B, AB, O
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| which blood types can each blood type donate to | O is the universal donor, AB is the universal receiver
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| define respitory system | exchanges gases between the outside environment and our insides
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| what is the major organ and what does it contain | lungsalveoli
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| what else are alveoli called | air sacs
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| what is exchanged between the alveoli and capilleries | oxygen/carbon dioxide
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| what type of transport is involved in gas exchange | diffusion
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| whe exhale to excrete what? | CO2 & O2 produced in our body during aerobic respiration
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| the smooth muscle involved in breathing is the | diaphram
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| define phenotype | how an organism looks
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| what does it mean to be pure? homozygous? one of each allele? | both alleles are the same hybrid heterzygous are both not purecarrier has a recessive allele for a disorder but does not have the disorder
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| If B=black fur and b=white fur solve the following: what are the phenotypes of BB, Bb, bb | homozygous dominantheterozygoushomozygous recessive
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| what is meant by sex linkage | the trait is on the X chromosome
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| why do sex linked traits show up more in males than females? | males only have one X chromosome
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| humans have how many chromosomes | 46
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| how many of the human chromosomes are autosomes | 44 (22 pairs)
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| 2 are sex chromosomes. what are they for males? females? | XYXX
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| If a sperm with 22 chromosomes and a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg with 22 chromosomes and an X will the baby be male or female | XY - male. female had the X male had the Y baby XY which is male
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| hemophilia - what is it? is it sex linked | genetic disorder - problem with blood clottingyes
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| sickle cell anemia - what went wrong? why | shape of red blood cell is bad. blood gets stuck in small places and causes pain
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| define heredity, genetics, gene | heredity-passing traits to offspring from parentsgenetics-study of genesgenes-unit of heredity in a living organism
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| define allele, gamete | allele-one of two or more forms of the DNA sequence of a particular genegamete- cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually
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| define dominant | dominant-gene that produces the same phenotype in the organism whether or not its allele identical;
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| define recessive | gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical; "the recessive gene for blue eyes"
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| What does evolution mean | slow change in species over time
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| understand key parts of darwin's theory of natural selection | overproduction-make more offspring than will livecompetition-not enough food, water, sheltervariation-random difference in an organismsurvival of the fittest-organism with best trait will survive
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| according to theory of evolution, how do we now explain variation within a species | DNA mutations, natural selection
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| what are the three things organisms compete for | food water shelter
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| what is a homologous structure | bone structure that looks the same but is different
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| what is meant by common descent | organism that came from the same ancestor
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| where did living things evolve, land or water | both
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| difference between variation and adaption | variation is a difference, adaption helps an organism survive
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