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Final Review-2010
Science review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what do transcription and translation do? | transcription groups codons and translation tells what protein is made by the codon |
| genetics | the study of genes and how traits are passed |
| Who is considered the father of modern genetics | Gregor Mendel |
| What plants did he work with | Pea plants |
| How many copies of each gene do humans have? where do they come from | one set from mom one set from father |
| what structures are genes located on | chromosomes |
| how many copies of the dominant gene do you need to see the dominant phenotype | only 1 |
| how many copies of the recessive gene do you need to see the recessive phenotype | must have 2 |
| define genotype | the gene combination an organism has |
| What are the main sources of variation | DNA mutation |
| How does knowledge of genetics help support the theory of evolution? | DNA shows proof that an organism evolved from others |
| how do variations and natural selection lead to adaption | survival of the fittest |
| who worked out the modern system of classification | Carl Lineaus |
| What are 2-3 advantages of giving organisms scientific names | universal, easier, only one name per organism |
| in a scientific name, the first is? the second is? | Genusspecies |
| List the eight taxa from largest to smallest | Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species(HINT: Do Kings Play Chess on Fine Green Silk) |
| What is the relationship between classification and evolution | shows that organisms have a common ancestor |
| what is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote | prokaryote - no nucleus, eukaryote - has nucleus |
| What are the 3 domains | Archae, Bacteris, Eukarya |
| Which of the 3 domains are made of prokaryotes | Archae and Bacteria |
| How can you tell if two organisms are in the same species, by mating them | if they produce fertile offspring |
| Define consumer, classification, taxonomy | consumer-heterotrophclassification-method to group organismstaxonomy-the study of classification |
| Define species, taxon and binomial nomenclature | species - group of similar organisms that can mate and have babiestaxon - a group of one or more organisms considered to be a unitbinomial nomenclature - the form of naming a species |
| Define autotroph, heterotroph | autotroph - an organism that makes its own foodheterotroph - an organism that cannot make its own food |
| Define prokaryote and eukaryote | prokaryote group of organisms that lack a nucleuseurkaryote an organism that has complex cell structure - with a nucleus |
| What is the scientific name for humans | Homo sapiens |
| What are the four eukaryote kingdoms | Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista |
| What is the only kind of unicellular fungus | protista |
| what kinds of food and drink can you get when it carries out fermentation | beer wine bread |
| What kind of food product do bacteria make during fermentation | yogurt, cheese |
| Archaea and Bacteria | 1. No nucleus present (prokaryotes)2. bacteria |
| Animal like protistsFungus like protistsPlant like protists | protozoaslime moldsalgae |
| How are protozoa put into their classes | by the way they move |
| What are both the animal like and plant like characteristics of Euglena | It moves like an animal and hunts for food. It does photosynthesis like a plant |
| How does a protist move | cilia |
| is a protist an autotroph or heterotroph | heterotroph |
| where does the protist store food | vacuole |
| how does the protist control its water balance | contractile vacuole |
| is the contractile involved in passive or active transport | active ATP is used |
| What happens to a protist whose contractile vacuole stops working | it explodes |
| what are invertebrates | without backbone |
| which evolved first, invertebrates or vertebrates | invertabrates |
| what are vertabrates | organisms that have backbone |
| what do vertabra protect | spinal cord |
| similar specialized cells form what? | tissue |
| a group of different tissues working to do a function form an? | organ |
| write the levels of organization from simplest to most complex | specialized cells, tissue, organ, organ system, multicellular organism |
| what do your different kinds of tissue do | connective - connectsepithelial - covers organsnerve - sends impulsesmuscle - causes movement |
| 3 types of muscle | skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
| skeletal muscles act in pairs | one contracts; the other relaxes |
| if the muscle contracts does it get longer or shorter | shorther |
| if the muscle contracts is it pulling or pushing the bone | pulling only - never pushes |
| what causes movement, contraction or relaxation | contraction |
| is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary? cardiac? smooth muscle? | voluntaryinvoluntaryinvoluntary |
| what stimulates muscle to contract | a nerve impulse |
| is skeletal muscle smooth or striated? cardiac? smooth? | striatedboth smooth and skeletalnot striated |
| what are the functions of the skeleton | movement, RBC, stores minerals, support |
| what is a vertebrate | organism with backbone |
| what do tendons do | attach muscle to bone |
| what do ligaments do | attach bone to bone |
| what kind of tissue are ligaments made of | skeletal |
| what organs are protected by which parts of your skeleton | most organs are protected by the sternum, ribs and vertabrae |
| what are the parts of blood and what each one does | RBC - carry oxygenWBC - fight infectionPlasma - watery part that allows movementplatelets - stop bleeding |
| Three types of vessels | Arteries, veins, capillaries |
| how do the three types of vessels differ from each other | arteries carry blood away from heart, veins carry blood to heart and have valves, capillaries are tiny and exchange with the cells |
| what are the four blood types | A, B, AB, O |
| which blood types can each blood type donate to | O is the universal donor, AB is the universal receiver |
| define respitory system | exchanges gases between the outside environment and our insides |
| what is the major organ and what does it contain | lungsalveoli |
| what else are alveoli called | air sacs |
| what is exchanged between the alveoli and capilleries | oxygen/carbon dioxide |
| what type of transport is involved in gas exchange | diffusion |
| whe exhale to excrete what? | CO2 & O2 produced in our body during aerobic respiration |
| the smooth muscle involved in breathing is the | diaphram |
| define phenotype | how an organism looks |
| what does it mean to be pure? homozygous? one of each allele? | both alleles are the same hybrid heterzygous are both not purecarrier has a recessive allele for a disorder but does not have the disorder |
| If B=black fur and b=white fur solve the following: what are the phenotypes of BB, Bb, bb | homozygous dominantheterozygoushomozygous recessive |
| what is meant by sex linkage | the trait is on the X chromosome |
| why do sex linked traits show up more in males than females? | males only have one X chromosome |
| humans have how many chromosomes | 46 |
| how many of the human chromosomes are autosomes | 44 (22 pairs) |
| 2 are sex chromosomes. what are they for males? females? | XYXX |
| If a sperm with 22 chromosomes and a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg with 22 chromosomes and an X will the baby be male or female | XY - male. female had the X male had the Y baby XY which is male |
| hemophilia - what is it? is it sex linked | genetic disorder - problem with blood clottingyes |
| sickle cell anemia - what went wrong? why | shape of red blood cell is bad. blood gets stuck in small places and causes pain |
| define heredity, genetics, gene | heredity-passing traits to offspring from parentsgenetics-study of genesgenes-unit of heredity in a living organism |
| define allele, gamete | allele-one of two or more forms of the DNA sequence of a particular genegamete- cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually |
| define dominant | dominant-gene that produces the same phenotype in the organism whether or not its allele identical; |
| define recessive | gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical; "the recessive gene for blue eyes" |
| What does evolution mean | slow change in species over time |
| understand key parts of darwin's theory of natural selection | overproduction-make more offspring than will livecompetition-not enough food, water, sheltervariation-random difference in an organismsurvival of the fittest-organism with best trait will survive |
| according to theory of evolution, how do we now explain variation within a species | DNA mutations, natural selection |
| what are the three things organisms compete for | food water shelter |
| what is a homologous structure | bone structure that looks the same but is different |
| what is meant by common descent | organism that came from the same ancestor |
| where did living things evolve, land or water | both |
| difference between variation and adaption | variation is a difference, adaption helps an organism survive |
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