Cambridge International Fagen details
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| show | Operant conditioning; reinforcement (positive, negative, primary and secondary); shaping; behavioural chaining.
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| What is positive reinforcement? | show 🗑
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| What is operant conditioning? | show 🗑
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| What is meant by a primary reinforcer? | show 🗑
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| What is meant by a secondary reinforcer? | show 🗑
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| What was used as the primary reinforcer in this study? | show 🗑
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| show | A whistle
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| show | Punishment and negative reinforcement was used
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| show | To test if SPR was more effective than punishment in training elephants to carry out the actions needed for a trunk wash
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| show | Secondary positive reinforcement, which uses a distinctive sound marker, which acts as a secondary reinforcer and is consistently followed by a primary positive reinforcer, often food
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| show | Observation
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| show | 5 female elephants. 4 were aged 5-7 years and 1 adult was aged in her 50s. They were chosen as they were docile, not pregnant and had been trained using other methods previously
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| Describe the capture technique | show 🗑
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| show | Used for unnatural behaviours, they can be encouraged to take a particular body shape with the promise of a reward
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| show | This works by rewarding only the behaviors offered that are closer to the eventual goal. This rewarding of the “best” behaviors offered incrementally brings the average response closer to the desired goal
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| List all of the behaviours that were taught to the elephants in this study | show 🗑
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| Which three behaviours were eventually abandoned as they were not needed? | show 🗑
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| Explain what is meant by behavioural chaining | show 🗑
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| show | An assistant timed each training session to the minute, starting from when the first cue was offered and ending after the elephant’s response to the last cue offered
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| What is meant by 'number of offers' in the data collection of this study | show 🗑
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| How many of the elephants completed the training? | show 🗑
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| How many sessions was needed to pass, on average? | show 🗑
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| show | blow in bucket' with 54.25 offers
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| show | ‘trunk here’, with 295.4 offers on average
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| What was the mean time spent in training for the elephants? | show 🗑
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| What was the conclusion of this study? | show 🗑
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| Give one reason why this study was considered ethical in its treatment of animals | show 🗑
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| show | Number of sessions, number of minutes spent training, number of offers
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| Give an example of qualitative data gathered from this study | show 🗑
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| show | 80%
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| show | Blow into bucket; also the desensitisation to syringe and steady tests
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| Describe the process of desensitisation to the syringe? | show 🗑
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