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What is the psychology being investigated in this study?
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What is positive reinforcement?
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Cambridge International Fagen details
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the psychology being investigated in this study? | Operant conditioning; reinforcement (positive, negative, primary and secondary); shaping; behavioural chaining. |
| What is positive reinforcement? | A pleasant result that increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated |
| What is operant conditioning? | Learning by consequences, such as positive and negative reinforcement and punishments |
| What is meant by a primary reinforcer? | A pleasant result that is intrinsically rewarding as it fulfills a biological need |
| What is meant by a secondary reinforcer? | A pleasant result that serves no biological need, but can be associated with a primary reinforcer |
| What was used as the primary reinforcer in this study? | Chopped banana |
| What was used as the secondary reinforcer in this study? | A whistle |
| What were the techniques used to train elephants previously? | Punishment and negative reinforcement was used |
| What was the aim of this study? | To test if SPR was more effective than punishment in training elephants to carry out the actions needed for a trunk wash |
| What does SPR stand for, and what does it mean? | Secondary positive reinforcement, which uses a distinctive sound marker, which acts as a secondary reinforcer and is consistently followed by a primary positive reinforcer, often food |
| What method was used in this study? | Observation |
| Describe details of the participants used in this study | 5 female elephants. 4 were aged 5-7 years and 1 adult was aged in her 50s. They were chosen as they were docile, not pregnant and had been trained using other methods previously |
| Describe the capture technique | Wait until the animal does a behaviour by themselves and then reward it. |
| Describe the lure technique | Used for unnatural behaviours, they can be encouraged to take a particular body shape with the promise of a reward |
| Describe the shaping technique | This works by rewarding only the behaviors offered that are closer to the eventual goal. This rewarding of the “best” behaviors offered incrementally brings the average response closer to the desired goal |
| List all of the behaviours that were taught to the elephants in this study | Trunk Here, Trunk Up, Bucket, Blow, Steady, Syringe, Blow into Bucket, Trunk Down, Trunk Out, Targeting |
| Which three behaviours were eventually abandoned as they were not needed? | Trunk Down, Trunk Out, Targeting |
| Explain what is meant by behavioural chaining | This enables separately trained behaviors to be performed in succession in response to cues |
| Outline how the session times were measured in this study | An assistant timed each training session to the minute, starting from when the first cue was offered and ending after the elephant’s response to the last cue offered |
| What is meant by 'number of offers' in the data collection of this study | In each session, an assistant tallied the total number of times the elephant was given a cue for a certain behaviour, and this was recorded as the number of offers for each behaviour. |
| How many of the elephants completed the training? | All 4 juveniles completed the training but the adult did not. |
| How many sessions was needed to pass, on average? | Average number of sessions needed to pass was 31.25. |
| What was the easiest task to complete, based on the average number of offers needed? | blow in bucket' with 54.25 offers |
| What was the hardest task to complete, based on the average number of offers needed? | ‘trunk here’, with 295.4 offers on average |
| What was the mean time spent in training for the elephants? | 378 minutes |
| What was the conclusion of this study? | This study suggests that SPR is effective at training elephants to trunk wash, at least juvenile elephants |
| Give one reason why this study was considered ethical in its treatment of animals | Housing was adequate, they were treated better than previously, all other conditions were kept normal |
| Give an example of quantitative data gathered from this study | Number of sessions, number of minutes spent training, number of offers |
| Give an example of qualitative data gathered from this study | Reasons for not completing training |
| What percentage did the elephant need to score on a test to be considered a pass? | 80% |
| Which of the tests did the adult elephant fail on? | Blow into bucket; also the desensitisation to syringe and steady tests |
| Describe the process of desensitisation to the syringe? | They were gradually exposed to the syringe, from being brought close to their trunk to being inserted. Then the amount of fluid increased up to the full 60ml |
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MrSamBlakeley
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