CogPsych Exam 1
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| Zeitgeist | "Time Spirit"; eras in psychology
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| Acronym to remember zeitgeist's | SFAB Sarah's Fabulous
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| Structuralism: | The mind is a STRUCTURE made of individual BITS that forms an EXPERIENCE
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| Wilhelm Wundt | (S) Introspection w/ self report
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| Wilhelm Wundt DEFEATER | Simplistic, subjective, inaccurate
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| Functionalism: | Questions what the FUNCTIONAL value of the mind is
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| William James | (F) "Stream of consciousness", tip-of-the-tongue experience, active NOT passive
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| Associationism: | Learning is done through association, information is stored in the mind
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| Associationism DEFEATER | Not all things are equally learnable
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| Ebbinghaus | (A) Forgetting curve, memory "savings", implicit memory, serial position curve, retention = NOT liner
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| Calkins | (A) Recency effect
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| Behaviorism: | Learning through memory, only focused on measurable & observable processes
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| Skinner | (B) Operant conditioning, mice & stick
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| Pavlov | (B) Classical conditioning, dogs & bell salivating
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| Watson/Tolman | (B) Cognitive maps, internal representations, mouse cheese maze manipulating experiment
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| Cognitive Revolution: When? | 1950's; specifically 1956 ("Cognitive Psychology" released by Neisser)
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| Cognitive Revolution: | Paradigm shift into current psych zeitgeist. The mind is an info processing system that holds and transfers information. Testing on humans instead of animals
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| Piaget | (CR) 3 kids, grammar is implicit, successive stages of development
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| Bartlett | (CR) Schema, memory = faulty, human memory is active
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| Neisser | Father of CogPsych, wrote "Cognitive Psychology"
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| Cognitive Psychology/Neuroscience | Specific branch of the cognitive revolution we're currently experiencing/studying
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| Rumelhart | (CP) Connectionist approach (PDP & Neural Network Approach), brain model, parallel NOT linear
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| George Miller | (CR) Magical # 7
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| Magical Number 7: | Human memory has a limit to the amount of information it can hold at any given time
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| Chunking | 1. Group input events
2. Apply new name
3. Remember NAME not input`
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| "Memory Palace" | Method of chunking to compartmentalize info to facilitate memorization
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| (Textbook) "Computer Model": | Likened human function to computer (pre CR); disproven because human fxn is not linear/sequential
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| (Lecture) Mental map computer: (Atkinson-Shiffrin Model) | Working memory = RAM
Long-term memory = hard drive
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| Sensory memory (Ionic): | Capacity: HUGE
Modality: Experiential -- persists as a visual-sensory image (lightning)
Decay: Milliseconds (not a "real" image; rather a memory)
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| Short-term memory: | Capacity: 7 (+/- 2)
Modality: Acoustic recording (internal/external voice)
Decay: Seconds (Approx. 17-30 secs)
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| Long-term memory: | Capacity: Unlimited
Modality: Semantic; experiences transformed into verbal narrative, much of our memory has this quality
Decay: Modest -- can be forgotten but not usually
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| Mental Set | Limitation of the mind; tendency to think only in the KNOW, not the unknown
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| Bottom Up | FEET; actual experience/sensation
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| Top-down | BRAIN; how experience is related to everything else we've ever known/interpretation
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| Internal representation | The way in which one holds information in the mind; all of the "stuff" going on up there
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| Symbolic representations | Arbitrary symbols that correspond to things (words, letters, #s)
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| Analogue representations | Resemble what they correspond to (flow chart)
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| Research Method (RM): Controlled Laboratory Advantage/Disadvantage? | Advantage: Enables isolation of causal factors, tests hypothesis
Disadvantage: LOW ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY, observers bias
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| RM: Psychobiological Research What is it? | Relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures
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| RM: Psychobiological Research Advantages/Disadvantages | Advantage: "Hard" evidence
Disadvantage: Costly, difficult to observe, risk making incorrect inferences
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| RM: EEG (Electroencephalography) Weird hat lol | Measures TIME --- high temporal resolution low spatial resolution, difficult for isolation
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| RM: fMRI (Function magnetic resonance imaging) Big phallic machine | Measures LOCATION --- more oxygenated blood in the region being used; measures blood oxygenation level dependent signal
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| RM: TMS (Transcranial magnetic stimulation) Magnet brain heehee | Measures DEFICIT --- depolarizes neurons in specific regions of brain, shows how lack of one fxn enhances other cognitive performance
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| RM: Self-Report Advantage/Disadvantage | Advantage: Introspective insights possibly otherwise unattainable
Disadvantage: Data gathering may influence report
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| RM: Case Studies Advantage/Disadvantage | Advantage: Richly detailed info, good for development of theory
Disadvantage: Small sample, generalization to other cases
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| RM: Naturalistic Observation What is it? | Observing real-life situations; classrooms, homes, work settings
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| RM: Naturalistic Observation Advantage/Disadvantage | A: High ecological validity
D: Lack of experimental control
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| RM: Computer Simulations & AI What is it? | AI: Meant to complete task like a human, only with the fewest steps possible and best outcome
Simulation: Meant to function like a human but acknowledges human limitations
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| RM: Simulations & AI Advantage/Disadvantage | A: Clear testing of theoretical models and predictions
D: Limits of hardware/software, brain may operate different from current computers
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| Schema | Mental representation of something you know
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| Serial Processing | System must complete one step before info can proceed to the next step
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| Connectionist Approach | Many operations occur simultaneously as opposed to at once
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| Brain Lesion | Destruction of a particular region of the brain
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| Mind understands things better that are... | POSITIVE! Brain is focused on the known, not the unknown. Follows that things are easier to learn/understand when presented positively (Mary's honest v. Mary's not dishonest)
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| Themes Acronym | A.E.P.I.B.
Active, Efficient, Positive, Interrelated, Bottom-up
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| Theme 1 (A) | Cognitive processes are ACTIVE
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| Theme 2 (E) | Cognitive processes are EFFICIENT and accurate
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| Theme 3 (P) | Brain favors POSITIVE as opposed to negative information
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| Theme 4 (I) | Cognitive processes are INTERRELATED, they don't operate in isolation
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| Theme 5 (B) | Brain uses BOTTOM-up and top-down processing
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