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Chapter 1
CogPsych Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Zeitgeist | "Time Spirit"; eras in psychology |
| Acronym to remember zeitgeist's | SFAB Sarah's Fabulous |
| Structuralism: | The mind is a STRUCTURE made of individual BITS that forms an EXPERIENCE |
| Wilhelm Wundt | (S) Introspection w/ self report |
| Wilhelm Wundt DEFEATER | Simplistic, subjective, inaccurate |
| Functionalism: | Questions what the FUNCTIONAL value of the mind is |
| William James | (F) "Stream of consciousness", tip-of-the-tongue experience, active NOT passive |
| Associationism: | Learning is done through association, information is stored in the mind |
| Associationism DEFEATER | Not all things are equally learnable |
| Ebbinghaus | (A) Forgetting curve, memory "savings", implicit memory, serial position curve, retention = NOT liner |
| Calkins | (A) Recency effect |
| Behaviorism: | Learning through memory, only focused on measurable & observable processes |
| Skinner | (B) Operant conditioning, mice & stick |
| Pavlov | (B) Classical conditioning, dogs & bell salivating |
| Watson/Tolman | (B) Cognitive maps, internal representations, mouse cheese maze manipulating experiment |
| Cognitive Revolution: When? | 1950's; specifically 1956 ("Cognitive Psychology" released by Neisser) |
| Cognitive Revolution: | Paradigm shift into current psych zeitgeist. The mind is an info processing system that holds and transfers information. Testing on humans instead of animals |
| Piaget | (CR) 3 kids, grammar is implicit, successive stages of development |
| Bartlett | (CR) Schema, memory = faulty, human memory is active |
| Neisser | Father of CogPsych, wrote "Cognitive Psychology" |
| Cognitive Psychology/Neuroscience | Specific branch of the cognitive revolution we're currently experiencing/studying |
| Rumelhart | (CP) Connectionist approach (PDP & Neural Network Approach), brain model, parallel NOT linear |
| George Miller | (CR) Magical # 7 |
| Magical Number 7: | Human memory has a limit to the amount of information it can hold at any given time |
| Chunking | 1. Group input events 2. Apply new name 3. Remember NAME not input` |
| "Memory Palace" | Method of chunking to compartmentalize info to facilitate memorization |
| (Textbook) "Computer Model": | Likened human function to computer (pre CR); disproven because human fxn is not linear/sequential |
| (Lecture) Mental map computer: (Atkinson-Shiffrin Model) | Working memory = RAM Long-term memory = hard drive |
| Sensory memory (Ionic): | Capacity: HUGE Modality: Experiential -- persists as a visual-sensory image (lightning) Decay: Milliseconds (not a "real" image; rather a memory) |
| Short-term memory: | Capacity: 7 (+/- 2) Modality: Acoustic recording (internal/external voice) Decay: Seconds (Approx. 17-30 secs) |
| Long-term memory: | Capacity: Unlimited Modality: Semantic; experiences transformed into verbal narrative, much of our memory has this quality Decay: Modest -- can be forgotten but not usually |
| Mental Set | Limitation of the mind; tendency to think only in the KNOW, not the unknown |
| Bottom Up | FEET; actual experience/sensation |
| Top-down | BRAIN; how experience is related to everything else we've ever known/interpretation |
| Internal representation | The way in which one holds information in the mind; all of the "stuff" going on up there |
| Symbolic representations | Arbitrary symbols that correspond to things (words, letters, #s) |
| Analogue representations | Resemble what they correspond to (flow chart) |
| Research Method (RM): Controlled Laboratory Advantage/Disadvantage? | Advantage: Enables isolation of causal factors, tests hypothesis Disadvantage: LOW ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY, observers bias |
| RM: Psychobiological Research What is it? | Relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures |
| RM: Psychobiological Research Advantages/Disadvantages | Advantage: "Hard" evidence Disadvantage: Costly, difficult to observe, risk making incorrect inferences |
| RM: EEG (Electroencephalography) Weird hat lol | Measures TIME --- high temporal resolution low spatial resolution, difficult for isolation |
| RM: fMRI (Function magnetic resonance imaging) Big phallic machine | Measures LOCATION --- more oxygenated blood in the region being used; measures blood oxygenation level dependent signal |
| RM: TMS (Transcranial magnetic stimulation) Magnet brain heehee | Measures DEFICIT --- depolarizes neurons in specific regions of brain, shows how lack of one fxn enhances other cognitive performance |
| RM: Self-Report Advantage/Disadvantage | Advantage: Introspective insights possibly otherwise unattainable Disadvantage: Data gathering may influence report |
| RM: Case Studies Advantage/Disadvantage | Advantage: Richly detailed info, good for development of theory Disadvantage: Small sample, generalization to other cases |
| RM: Naturalistic Observation What is it? | Observing real-life situations; classrooms, homes, work settings |
| RM: Naturalistic Observation Advantage/Disadvantage | A: High ecological validity D: Lack of experimental control |
| RM: Computer Simulations & AI What is it? | AI: Meant to complete task like a human, only with the fewest steps possible and best outcome Simulation: Meant to function like a human but acknowledges human limitations |
| RM: Simulations & AI Advantage/Disadvantage | A: Clear testing of theoretical models and predictions D: Limits of hardware/software, brain may operate different from current computers |
| Schema | Mental representation of something you know |
| Serial Processing | System must complete one step before info can proceed to the next step |
| Connectionist Approach | Many operations occur simultaneously as opposed to at once |
| Brain Lesion | Destruction of a particular region of the brain |
| Mind understands things better that are... | POSITIVE! Brain is focused on the known, not the unknown. Follows that things are easier to learn/understand when presented positively (Mary's honest v. Mary's not dishonest) |
| Themes Acronym | A.E.P.I.B. Active, Efficient, Positive, Interrelated, Bottom-up |
| Theme 1 (A) | Cognitive processes are ACTIVE |
| Theme 2 (E) | Cognitive processes are EFFICIENT and accurate |
| Theme 3 (P) | Brain favors POSITIVE as opposed to negative information |
| Theme 4 (I) | Cognitive processes are INTERRELATED, they don't operate in isolation |
| Theme 5 (B) | Brain uses BOTTOM-up and top-down processing |
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tylladurdiev
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