module 14 vocab
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| artificial selection | Darwin's term for the selective breeding of organisms selected for certain traits in order to produce offspring having those traits
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| natural selection | theory of evolution developed by Darwin, based on four ideas: excess reproduction, variations, inheritance, and the advantages of specific traits in an environment
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| evolution | hereditary changes in groups of living organisms over time
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| derived trait | new feature that had not appeared in common ancestors
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| ancestral trait | more-primitive characteristic that appeared in common ancestors
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| homologous structure | anatomically similar structure inherited from a common ancestor
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| vestigial structure | reduced from of a functional structure that includes shared ancestry
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| embryo | organism's early prebirth stage of development
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| biogeography | study of the distribution of plants and animals
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| fitness | measure of a trait's relative contribution to the following generation
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| camouflage | morphological adaptions that allow organisms to blend into their surroundings
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| mimicry | morphological adaptions in which one species evolves to resemble another species for protection or other advantages
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| hardy-Weinberg principle | states that allelic frequencies in populations stay the same unless they are affected by a factor that causes change
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| genetic drift | random change in allelic frequencies in a population
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| founder effect | random effect that can occur when a small population settles in an area separated from the rest of the population and interbreeds, producing unique allelic variations
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| bottleneck | process in which a large population declines in number, then rebounds
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| stabilizing selection | most common form of natural selection in which organisms with extreme expressions of a trait are removed
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| directional selection | shift of a population toward an extreme version of a beneficial trait
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| disruptive selection | process in which individuals with average traits are removed, creating two populations with extreme traits
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| sexual selection | change in the frequency of a trait based on competition for a mate
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| prezygotic isolating mechanism | factor that prevents individuals from different species before fertilization
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| postzygotic isolating mechanism | factor that prevents a hybrid zygote from developing, or prevents hybrid offspring from reproducing; operates after fertilization
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| allopatric speciation | occurs when a population divided by a geographic barrier evolves into tow or more populations unable to interbreed
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| sympatric speciation | occurs when a species evolves into a new species in an area without a geographic barrier
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| adaptive radiation | diversification of a species into a number of different species, often over a relatively short time span
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| gradualism | theory that evolution occurs in small, gradual steps over time.
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| punctuated equilibrium | theory that evolution occurs with relatively sudden periods of speciation followed by long periods of stability
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