Visual Perception
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| Perception | set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from the environmental stimuli.
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| distal object | object in the external world
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| informational medium | reflected light, soundwaves, molecules, mechanical pressure, vibration
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| proximal stimulation | information from medium comes in contact with appropri ate sensory receptors
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| perceptual objects | what you see
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| mental percept | a mental representation of a stimulus that is perceived
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| direct perception, template theories, feature-matching theories, recognition by components | types of bottom-up theories
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| Direct Perception | also known as ecological perception
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| Direct Perception | the information in our sensory receptors, including the sen sory context, is all we need to perceive anything
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| sufficient contextual information | this exists to make perceptual information
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| ecological perception | this occurs in everyday word
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| texture gradient | the distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away
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| context effects | the situation around you can change how you see things or make decisions
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| template theories | we have stored in our minds sets of templates and the goal is to find a perfect match
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| failed of explain the perception of letters | problem with template theories
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| feature-matching theories | attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype.
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| pandemonium model | suggests that our brains recognize things by breaking them down into smaller parts and combing the information from those parts to make sense of what we see
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| global precedence effect | our brains prioritize seeing the overall shape
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| local precedence effect | our brains pay more attention to the smaller details first
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| recognition by components | a theory stating that object recognition occurs by representing each object as a combination of basic units (geons) that make up that object; we recognize an object by the relation of its geons
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| constructive perception | also known as intelligent perception. it perceives sensory information and higher order of thinking
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| configural superiority effect | can perceive differences in complex figures faster than simple ones
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| object superiority effect | a target line that forms a part of a drawing of a 3-D object is identified more accurately than a target that forms a part of a disconnected 2-D pattern
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| word superiority effect | perceive letters fasters in words that make sense
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| object-centered | individual stores representation of object, independent of its appearance to the viewer (shape of object stays stable across different orientations)
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| viewer-centered | the individual stores the way the object looks to him or her
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| landmark-centered | information is characterized by its relation to a well-known or prominent item
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| Law of Pragnanz | says that we tend to perceive any visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a sable and coherent form
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| Figure-Ground | the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background
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| Proximity | tendency to see objects that close together as one group
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| Continuity | we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
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| Symmetry | perceive objects as forming mirror images about their center
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| reflection symmetry | objects on both sides have the same arrangements
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| radial symmetry | objects rotate around a center point
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| translational symmetry | repeat the same objects over same interval
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| perceptual constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change
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| size constancy | objects remains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimulus
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| shape constancy | objects remains the same shape despite changes in the shape of the proximal stimulus
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| agnosia | inability to recognize objects
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| ataxia | inability to perform coordinated movements
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