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Week 1
Visual Perception
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Perception | set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from the environmental stimuli. |
| distal object | object in the external world |
| informational medium | reflected light, soundwaves, molecules, mechanical pressure, vibration |
| proximal stimulation | information from medium comes in contact with appropri ate sensory receptors |
| perceptual objects | what you see |
| mental percept | a mental representation of a stimulus that is perceived |
| direct perception, template theories, feature-matching theories, recognition by components | types of bottom-up theories |
| Direct Perception | also known as ecological perception |
| Direct Perception | the information in our sensory receptors, including the sen sory context, is all we need to perceive anything |
| sufficient contextual information | this exists to make perceptual information |
| ecological perception | this occurs in everyday word |
| texture gradient | the distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away |
| context effects | the situation around you can change how you see things or make decisions |
| template theories | we have stored in our minds sets of templates and the goal is to find a perfect match |
| failed of explain the perception of letters | problem with template theories |
| feature-matching theories | attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype. |
| pandemonium model | suggests that our brains recognize things by breaking them down into smaller parts and combing the information from those parts to make sense of what we see |
| global precedence effect | our brains prioritize seeing the overall shape |
| local precedence effect | our brains pay more attention to the smaller details first |
| recognition by components | a theory stating that object recognition occurs by representing each object as a combination of basic units (geons) that make up that object; we recognize an object by the relation of its geons |
| constructive perception | also known as intelligent perception. it perceives sensory information and higher order of thinking |
| configural superiority effect | can perceive differences in complex figures faster than simple ones |
| object superiority effect | a target line that forms a part of a drawing of a 3-D object is identified more accurately than a target that forms a part of a disconnected 2-D pattern |
| word superiority effect | perceive letters fasters in words that make sense |
| object-centered | individual stores representation of object, independent of its appearance to the viewer (shape of object stays stable across different orientations) |
| viewer-centered | the individual stores the way the object looks to him or her |
| landmark-centered | information is characterized by its relation to a well-known or prominent item |
| Law of Pragnanz | says that we tend to perceive any visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a sable and coherent form |
| Figure-Ground | the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background |
| Proximity | tendency to see objects that close together as one group |
| Continuity | we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones |
| Symmetry | perceive objects as forming mirror images about their center |
| reflection symmetry | objects on both sides have the same arrangements |
| radial symmetry | objects rotate around a center point |
| translational symmetry | repeat the same objects over same interval |
| perceptual constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change |
| size constancy | objects remains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimulus |
| shape constancy | objects remains the same shape despite changes in the shape of the proximal stimulus |
| agnosia | inability to recognize objects |
| ataxia | inability to perform coordinated movements |
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jjmmnnghy
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