Excelsior Exam
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| Assigned a microbial cause to fermentation | Louis Pasteur
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| First to crystallize a virus | Wendell Stanley
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| Showed that mild heating of spirits kills spoilage bacteria without damage to the beverage | Louis Pasteur
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| Devised a classification system for the streptococci based on immunological system of serotypes | Rebecca Lansfield
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| Demonstrated that infections in obstetrical wards could be minimized by disinfecting the hands of physicians | Ignaz Semmelweiss
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| Participated in determining the structure of DNA | Francis Crick
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| First demonstrated that genetic information could be exchanged between bacteria by conjugation | Joshua Lederberg
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| Demonstrated that maggots appeared only in decaying meat that had been exposed to flies | Francesco Redi
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| Introduced the concept that living cells arise from other living cells | Rudolph Virchow
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| Introduced the technique of vaccination for small pox | Edward Jenner
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| First to use the microscope to observe cells | Robert Hooke
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| Made an association between silkworm disease and a fungus | Agostino Bassi
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| A surgeon who used carbolic acid to control wound infections | Joseph Lister
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| First to speculate about the possibility of a "magic bullet" that would destroy a pathogen without harming the host | Paul Ehrlich
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| Discovered PCN | Alexander Fleming
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| Using anthrax as a model, demonstrated that a specific microorganism is the cause of a specific disease | Robert Koch
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| Originated our system of scientific nomenclature | Carolus Linnaeus
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