All types of anemias
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| Anemia | reduction in circulating RBCs or hemoglobin resulting in poor tissue perfusion, blood flow shunted to vital organs
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| gerontologic considerations for anemia | anemia is not normal, often related to an underlying cause and signs/symptoms may go unrecognized
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| common s/s that may be associated with normal aging | pallor, increased fatigue, confusion. ataxia, worsening respiratory pr cardiovascular problems
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| iron deficiency anemia causes | inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, blood loss,
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| clinical signs of iron deficiency anemia | pallor, glossitis. chelitis, headache, paresthesias
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| treatment of iron deficiency anemia | treat underlying disease, replace iron with oral supplements or transfusion of packed RBCs
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| oral iron supplements considerations | best absorbed in acidic environment so take with vitamin C or orange juice
take an hour before meals
liquid iron may stain teeth
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| side effects of oral iron | constipation, heartburn, diarrhea and black stools
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| megaloblastic anemia | group of disorders caused by impaired DNA synthesis and presence of megaloblasts
majority results from deficiency in B12 or folic acid
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| treatment of megaloblastic anemia | b12 or folic acid supplements
given in form of IM injections daily for 2 weeks - B12
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| chronic disease anemia | uderproduction of RBCs and shortening of RBC survival
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| chronic disease anemia causes | cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases, heart failure and chronic inflammation
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| treatment of chronic disease anemia | treat underlying chronic disorder
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| aplastic anemia | Pancytopenia along with hypocellular bone marrow
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| diagnostic studies | decreased hemoglobin, WBCs, and platelets
bone marrow biopsy shows hypocellular with increased fat content
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| supportive care for aplastic anemia | prevent complications from hemorrhage and infection
stem cell transplant
immunosuppression
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| causes of aplastic anemia | chemicals and toxins, drugs (NSAIDs, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbials), radiation, viral / bacterial infections
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| blood loss anemia diagnostic studies | decreased RBCs, hemoglobin and hematocrit but values will not decrease immediately
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| treatment for blood loss anemia | replace fluid, identify source of loss, may require transfusion, may need supplemental iron to treat anemia,
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| Anemia due to destruction | hemolytic (destruction of RBCs at a rate that exceeds production)
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| symptoms of anemia due to destruction can cause... | liver and spleen to enlarge, jaundice and elevated bilirubin levels
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| treatment of anemia due to destruction | focus on maintaining renal function
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| assessment of anemia | decrease circulating volume - signs of shock
decreased oxygenation- signs of impaired gas exchange
compensatory mechanisms - increased HR
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| RBC normal | men - 4.32-5.72
women- 3.9-5.0
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| hgb normal | men- 13.2 -17.3
women- 11.7-15.5
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| hct normal | men- 39-50
women- 36-47
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| wbc count normal | 4,000-11,000
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| platelet normal | 150,000-450,000
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| b12 normal | 200-835
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| folate normal | 3-16
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| iron normal | 50-175
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