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Anemias
All types of anemias
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anemia | reduction in circulating RBCs or hemoglobin resulting in poor tissue perfusion, blood flow shunted to vital organs |
| gerontologic considerations for anemia | anemia is not normal, often related to an underlying cause and signs/symptoms may go unrecognized |
| common s/s that may be associated with normal aging | pallor, increased fatigue, confusion. ataxia, worsening respiratory pr cardiovascular problems |
| iron deficiency anemia causes | inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, blood loss, |
| clinical signs of iron deficiency anemia | pallor, glossitis. chelitis, headache, paresthesias |
| treatment of iron deficiency anemia | treat underlying disease, replace iron with oral supplements or transfusion of packed RBCs |
| oral iron supplements considerations | best absorbed in acidic environment so take with vitamin C or orange juice take an hour before meals liquid iron may stain teeth |
| side effects of oral iron | constipation, heartburn, diarrhea and black stools |
| megaloblastic anemia | group of disorders caused by impaired DNA synthesis and presence of megaloblasts majority results from deficiency in B12 or folic acid |
| treatment of megaloblastic anemia | b12 or folic acid supplements given in form of IM injections daily for 2 weeks - B12 |
| chronic disease anemia | uderproduction of RBCs and shortening of RBC survival |
| chronic disease anemia causes | cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases, heart failure and chronic inflammation |
| treatment of chronic disease anemia | treat underlying chronic disorder |
| aplastic anemia | Pancytopenia along with hypocellular bone marrow |
| diagnostic studies | decreased hemoglobin, WBCs, and platelets bone marrow biopsy shows hypocellular with increased fat content |
| supportive care for aplastic anemia | prevent complications from hemorrhage and infection stem cell transplant immunosuppression |
| causes of aplastic anemia | chemicals and toxins, drugs (NSAIDs, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbials), radiation, viral / bacterial infections |
| blood loss anemia diagnostic studies | decreased RBCs, hemoglobin and hematocrit but values will not decrease immediately |
| treatment for blood loss anemia | replace fluid, identify source of loss, may require transfusion, may need supplemental iron to treat anemia, |
| Anemia due to destruction | hemolytic (destruction of RBCs at a rate that exceeds production) |
| symptoms of anemia due to destruction can cause... | liver and spleen to enlarge, jaundice and elevated bilirubin levels |
| treatment of anemia due to destruction | focus on maintaining renal function |
| assessment of anemia | decrease circulating volume - signs of shock decreased oxygenation- signs of impaired gas exchange compensatory mechanisms - increased HR |
| RBC normal | men - 4.32-5.72 women- 3.9-5.0 |
| hgb normal | men- 13.2 -17.3 women- 11.7-15.5 |
| hct normal | men- 39-50 women- 36-47 |
| wbc count normal | 4,000-11,000 |
| platelet normal | 150,000-450,000 |
| b12 normal | 200-835 |
| folate normal | 3-16 |
| iron normal | 50-175 |
Created by:
ebrewer12
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