Chapter 7
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| Nutrition | Process by which chemical substances(nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities
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| Nutrient | Any chemical substance that must be provided to a cell for normal metabolism and growth
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| Essential Nutrient | A substance that cannot be formed by an organism and must be supplied in the diet
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| Macronutrients | Required in large quantities; plays important roles in structure and metabolism; examples-Proteins, carbohydrates
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| Micronutrients (trace elements) | Required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure; examples-Manganese, zinc, nickle
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| Organic nutrients | Contains carbon and hydrogen atoms and usually the products of living things; examples-methane CH4, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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| inroganic nutrients | atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen; examples-metals and their salts (Magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate), gases (oxygen, Carbon Dioxide), and water
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| Heterotroph | Organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids
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| Autotroph | Organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source and not nutritionally dependent on other living things
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| Growth Factor | An organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided as a nutrient in the diet to facilitate growth
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| Photoautotrophs | photosynthetic; organism that uses light for its energy and CO2 for its carbon needs; aka they can make own food in presence of light
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| Oxygenic photosynthesis | oxygen producing photosynthesis; uses chlorophyll as its pigment
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| Anoxygenic photosynthesis | non oxygen producing photosynthesis; uses unique pigment
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| Chemoautotroph (lithoautotrophs) | Organism that relies on inorganic chemicals for its energy and CO2 for its carbon; survive totally on inorganic substances
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| Methanogens | a type of chemoautotroph; microbes that produce methane gas under anaerobic conditions
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| Chemoheterotrophs | derives both carbon and energy from organic compounds
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| Saprobes | Free living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms
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| Opportunistic pathogen | saprobe is considered opportunistic when the host is compromised and infection may occur
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| Facultative parasite | when a saprobe infects a host
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| Parasites | derive nutrients from host; grow in or on the body of a host
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| Pathogens | An agent that causes diseases (pathogens and parasites are interchangeable)
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| Obligate parasites | Parasites that are dependent because they are unable to grow outside of a living host
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| Passive transport | Does not require energy; substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher to lower concentration
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| Diffusion | Net movement of molecules down their concentration gradient by random thermal motion to achieve a uniform distribution
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| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in direction of lower concentration
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| Isotonic | environment equal in solute concentration to cells internal environment
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| hypotonic | solute concentration of external environment is lower than cell's internal environment
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| hypertonic | higher solute concentration in external environment than its internal environment
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| Playmolysis | condition in cells with a wall, water loss causes shrinkage but does not collapse
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| Facilitated diffusion | passive movement of substance across from high to low concentration using carrier proteins
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| Active transport | requires energy and carrier proteins; gradient independent; from low to high concentration???
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| Group Translocation | Type of active transport; Transported molecule is chemically altered
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| Bulk transport | Mass transport of large particles, cells, liquids by engulfment and vesicle formation (endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis)
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| Niche | Totality of adaptations organisms make to their habitat; OR an organism's biological role in or contribution to its community
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| Minimum temperature | (1/3 cardinal temp) lowest temperature that permits a microbe's growth and metabolism
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| Maximum temperature | (2/3 cardinal temp) highest temperature that permits a microbe's growth and metabolism
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| Optimum temperature | (3/3 cardinal temp) promotes fastest rate of growth and metabolism (temperature between min and max)
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| Psychrophiles | microorganisms that have optimum temperature below 15 degrees celsius and is capable of growth at 0 degrees celsium (0-15)
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| Mesophiles | microorganisms that have optimum temperature from 20-40 degrees celsius; most human pathogens
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| Thermophiles | microorganisms that grow optimally at temperatures greater that 45 degrees celsius
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| Aerobe | uses oxygen and can detoxify it (aka a microbe that lives and grows in presence of free oxygen gas)
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| Obligate aerobe | cannot grow without oxygen
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| facultative anaerobe | uses oxygen but can also grow in its absence
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| microaerophile | requires only a small amount of oxygen
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| anaerobe | doesn't use oxygen (aka microbes that grow best in absence of oxygen)
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| obligate anaerobe | lacks enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in oxygen environment
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| aerotolerant anaerobe | does not use oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence
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| capnophile | grows best at high CO2 concentrations/tensions than normally present in the atmosphere
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| alkalinophiles | grows at extreme alkaline pH (8 and 9 ?)
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| halophiles | require a high concentration of salt
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| osmotolerant | do not require a high concentration of solute/salt but can tolerate it if it occurs
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| barophiles | can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure
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| symbiotic | organisms that live in close partnership
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| mutualism | obligatory, dependent, both member benefit
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| parasitism | parasite is dependent and benefits, host is harmed
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| nonsymbiotic | organisms are free living and relationships are not required for survival
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| synergism | members cooperate to produce a result that none of them could do alone (example-biofilm)
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| antagonism | a type of competition in which some members are inhibited or destroyed by others (actions of one organism affects the success or survival of others in same community
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| antibiosis | production of inhibitory compounds such as antibiotics
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| obligate acidophiles | grows at extreme pH (1-7)
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| halophiles | require a high concentration of salt
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| osmotolerant | do not require a high concentration of solute but can tolerate it if it occurs
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| barophiles | can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure
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| symbiotic | organisms that live in close partnership
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| commensalism | commensal member benefits, other member neither harmed nor benefitted
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| biofilms | a complex association that arises from microorganisms growing together and interacting on surface of a habitat (results when organisms attach to a substrate/surface by some form of extracellular matrix that binds them together in complex organized layers)
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| Quorum sensing | an activity among bacteria in bioflims in which members signal each other and coordinate their function
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| generation/doubling time | the time required for a complete fission cycle growth curve
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| lag phase | "flat" period of adjustment, enlargement and there is little growth
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| exponential growth phase | a period of maximum growth will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients and favorable environment
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| stationary phase | rate of cell growth equals rate of cell death caused by depletion of nutrients and O2, excretion of organic acids and pollutants
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| death phase | as limiting factors intensify, cells die exponentially
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| Turbidometry | most simple way of analyzing population growth, simple observation of seeing cloudiness (turbidity reflects population size)
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| viable colony count | quantitative evaluation of counting bacteria
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| direct cell count | count all cells present, automated or manually
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| coulter counter | electronically scans a culture and as cells pass through device, electronic detector counts numbers
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| flow cytometer | in addition to counting number of cells, it can measure cell size and differentiate between live and dead cells
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