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Microbio-Chapter 7
Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nutrition | Process by which chemical substances(nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities |
| Nutrient | Any chemical substance that must be provided to a cell for normal metabolism and growth |
| Essential Nutrient | A substance that cannot be formed by an organism and must be supplied in the diet |
| Macronutrients | Required in large quantities; plays important roles in structure and metabolism; examples-Proteins, carbohydrates |
| Micronutrients (trace elements) | Required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure; examples-Manganese, zinc, nickle |
| Organic nutrients | Contains carbon and hydrogen atoms and usually the products of living things; examples-methane CH4, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| inroganic nutrients | atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen; examples-metals and their salts (Magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate), gases (oxygen, Carbon Dioxide), and water |
| Heterotroph | Organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| Autotroph | Organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source and not nutritionally dependent on other living things |
| Growth Factor | An organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided as a nutrient in the diet to facilitate growth |
| Photoautotrophs | photosynthetic; organism that uses light for its energy and CO2 for its carbon needs; aka they can make own food in presence of light |
| Oxygenic photosynthesis | oxygen producing photosynthesis; uses chlorophyll as its pigment |
| Anoxygenic photosynthesis | non oxygen producing photosynthesis; uses unique pigment |
| Chemoautotroph (lithoautotrophs) | Organism that relies on inorganic chemicals for its energy and CO2 for its carbon; survive totally on inorganic substances |
| Methanogens | a type of chemoautotroph; microbes that produce methane gas under anaerobic conditions |
| Chemoheterotrophs | derives both carbon and energy from organic compounds |
| Saprobes | Free living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms |
| Opportunistic pathogen | saprobe is considered opportunistic when the host is compromised and infection may occur |
| Facultative parasite | when a saprobe infects a host |
| Parasites | derive nutrients from host; grow in or on the body of a host |
| Pathogens | An agent that causes diseases (pathogens and parasites are interchangeable) |
| Obligate parasites | Parasites that are dependent because they are unable to grow outside of a living host |
| Passive transport | Does not require energy; substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher to lower concentration |
| Diffusion | Net movement of molecules down their concentration gradient by random thermal motion to achieve a uniform distribution |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in direction of lower concentration |
| Isotonic | environment equal in solute concentration to cells internal environment |
| hypotonic | solute concentration of external environment is lower than cell's internal environment |
| hypertonic | higher solute concentration in external environment than its internal environment |
| Playmolysis | condition in cells with a wall, water loss causes shrinkage but does not collapse |
| Facilitated diffusion | passive movement of substance across from high to low concentration using carrier proteins |
| Active transport | requires energy and carrier proteins; gradient independent; from low to high concentration??? |
| Group Translocation | Type of active transport; Transported molecule is chemically altered |
| Bulk transport | Mass transport of large particles, cells, liquids by engulfment and vesicle formation (endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis) |
| Niche | Totality of adaptations organisms make to their habitat; OR an organism's biological role in or contribution to its community |
| Minimum temperature | (1/3 cardinal temp) lowest temperature that permits a microbe's growth and metabolism |
| Maximum temperature | (2/3 cardinal temp) highest temperature that permits a microbe's growth and metabolism |
| Optimum temperature | (3/3 cardinal temp) promotes fastest rate of growth and metabolism (temperature between min and max) |
| Psychrophiles | microorganisms that have optimum temperature below 15 degrees celsius and is capable of growth at 0 degrees celsium (0-15) |
| Mesophiles | microorganisms that have optimum temperature from 20-40 degrees celsius; most human pathogens |
| Thermophiles | microorganisms that grow optimally at temperatures greater that 45 degrees celsius |
| Aerobe | uses oxygen and can detoxify it (aka a microbe that lives and grows in presence of free oxygen gas) |
| Obligate aerobe | cannot grow without oxygen |
| facultative anaerobe | uses oxygen but can also grow in its absence |
| microaerophile | requires only a small amount of oxygen |
| anaerobe | doesn't use oxygen (aka microbes that grow best in absence of oxygen) |
| obligate anaerobe | lacks enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in oxygen environment |
| aerotolerant anaerobe | does not use oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence |
| capnophile | grows best at high CO2 concentrations/tensions than normally present in the atmosphere |
| alkalinophiles | grows at extreme alkaline pH (8 and 9 ?) |
| halophiles | require a high concentration of salt |
| osmotolerant | do not require a high concentration of solute/salt but can tolerate it if it occurs |
| barophiles | can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure |
| symbiotic | organisms that live in close partnership |
| mutualism | obligatory, dependent, both member benefit |
| parasitism | parasite is dependent and benefits, host is harmed |
| nonsymbiotic | organisms are free living and relationships are not required for survival |
| synergism | members cooperate to produce a result that none of them could do alone (example-biofilm) |
| antagonism | a type of competition in which some members are inhibited or destroyed by others (actions of one organism affects the success or survival of others in same community |
| antibiosis | production of inhibitory compounds such as antibiotics |
| obligate acidophiles | grows at extreme pH (1-7) |
| halophiles | require a high concentration of salt |
| osmotolerant | do not require a high concentration of solute but can tolerate it if it occurs |
| barophiles | can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure |
| symbiotic | organisms that live in close partnership |
| commensalism | commensal member benefits, other member neither harmed nor benefitted |
| biofilms | a complex association that arises from microorganisms growing together and interacting on surface of a habitat (results when organisms attach to a substrate/surface by some form of extracellular matrix that binds them together in complex organized layers) |
| Quorum sensing | an activity among bacteria in bioflims in which members signal each other and coordinate their function |
| generation/doubling time | the time required for a complete fission cycle growth curve |
| lag phase | "flat" period of adjustment, enlargement and there is little growth |
| exponential growth phase | a period of maximum growth will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients and favorable environment |
| stationary phase | rate of cell growth equals rate of cell death caused by depletion of nutrients and O2, excretion of organic acids and pollutants |
| death phase | as limiting factors intensify, cells die exponentially |
| Turbidometry | most simple way of analyzing population growth, simple observation of seeing cloudiness (turbidity reflects population size) |
| viable colony count | quantitative evaluation of counting bacteria |
| direct cell count | count all cells present, automated or manually |
| coulter counter | electronically scans a culture and as cells pass through device, electronic detector counts numbers |
| flow cytometer | in addition to counting number of cells, it can measure cell size and differentiate between live and dead cells |
Created by:
jillyc86
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