final exam
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| dose for epi 1:1,000 for anaphylactic shock for pedi | 0.01mg/kg up to 0.3mg IM
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| mechanism of albuterol | b agonist with preference for B2
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| indications for albuterol | bronchospasm, allergies/anaphylaxis, hyperkalemia
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| dose for albuterol | adult: 2.5mg/3ml via SVN repeat every 15-20 minutes
pedi: 1.25-2.5mg/1.5-3ml via SVN repeat every 15-20 minutes
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| dexamethasone mechanism | synthetic glucocorticoid, anti-inflammatory suppresses immune system
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| indications for dexamethasone | bronchial asthma, COPD, anaphylaxis
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| side effects for dexamethasone | fluid retention (swelling in peripheral), may delay wound healing
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| dose for dexamethasone | adult: 10mg IV/IO/PO
pedi: 0.6mg/kg up to a max of 10mg IV/IO/PO
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| mechanism of epinephrine 1:1,000 | potent a and b agonist
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| indications for epinephrine 1:1,000 | bronchospasms, allergies/anaphylaxis
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| dose for epinephrine 1:1,000 | adult and pedi: 0.01mg/kg IM max of 0.3mg
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| mechanisms for ipratropium | anticholinergic, selectively blocks muscarinic receptors
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| indications for ipratropium | bronchospasms associated with COPD
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| ipratropium dose | adult: 500mcg/2.5ml
pedi: 250-500mcg/1.25-2.5ml
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| mechanism of action for magnesium sulfate | calcium channel blocker
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| contraindications for magnesium sulfate | heart block, shock, dialysis, hypocalcemia, vfib/vtach pulseless
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| magnesium sulfate dose | adult: 1-2 grams IV/IO over 10-20 minutes (infusion) for bronchodilation
pedi: 25-50mg/kg IV/IO (max of 2 grams) over 15-30 minutes (infusion for bronchodilation
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| class for amiodarone | antidysrhythmic
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| indications for amiodarone | VFib/Vtach
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| dose for amiodarone for an adult | VF/pulseless VT: 1st dose 300mg IV bolus, 2nd dose 150mg after 3-5 minutes
Stable VT with pulse: 150mg over 10 minutes
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| mechanism for amiodarone | blocks sodium and potassium channels to delay repolarization
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| classification for narcan | opiate antagonist
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| dose for narcan | adult: 0.4mg-2mg IV/IN/IO/IM
pedi: 0.1mg/kg up to 2mg IV/IN/IO/IM
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| mechanism for racemic epi | nonselective b sympathetic agonist
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| indications for racemic epi | croup
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| dose for racemic epi | adult & pedi: 0.25-0.75ml of 2.25% solution diluted in 3ml of NS
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| class for solumedrol | synthetic glucocorticoid, anti inflammatory suppresses immune response
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| indications for solumedrol | bronchial asthma, COPD, and anaphylaxis
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| dose for solumedrol | adult: 125-250mg IV/IO
pedi: 2mg/kg IV/IO to a max of 60mg
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| class for terbutaline (brethine) | b agonist - causes relaxation of bronchospasm, does not exert as much cardiovascular side effects as epi
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| indications for terbutaline (brethine) | bronchial asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, preterm labor
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| contraindications for terbutaline (brethine) | under 12 years old
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| dose for terbutaline (brethine) | 0.25mg IM
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| class for albuterol | sympathomimetic
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| mechanism for albuterol | beta 2 agonist
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| indications for albuterol | bronchospasms in COPD and asthma
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| dose for albuterol | 2.5mg in 3ml SVN
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| what are the antigens, antibodies and acceptable donor for Type A blood? | Antigen A, Anti-B, Blood donor A and O
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| what are the antigens, antibodies and acceptable donor for Type B blood? | Antigen B, Anti-A, Blood donor B and O
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| what are the antigens, antibodies and acceptable donor for Type AB? | antigen A and B, Anti - None, blood donor A, B, AB and O
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| what are the antigens, antibodies and acceptable donor for Type O? | antigen none, Anti - A and B, blood donor O
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| what is the pathophysiology of pneumonia? | infection causes inflammation of lungs
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| is pneumonia contagious? | if caused by bacteria, yes, if caused by virus or fungi, no
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| what are the symptoms of pneumonia? | productive cough, fever, chills, colored sputum, respiratory distress and possible chest pain
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| how is pneumonia transmitted? | via droplets from cough or sneeze
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| what represents hypotension in a child? | 70 + 2 x age
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| what type of lung sounds would you hear in pneumonia? | bronchial/crackles
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| what is ventilation? | moving air in and out of lungs
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| what is respiration? | gas exchange from the living organism and environment
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| what is perfusion? | O2 and nutrients getting to destination cells and tissues
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| what is oxygenation? | transposition of CO2 from blood to alveolus
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| what does hemoglobin have more affinity to? | CO2
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| what are intrinsic factors? | diseases inside body
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| what are extrinsic factors? | caused by environment
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| what are internal factors? | anything that prevents O2 from entering blood and CO2 from exiting
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| what is intrapulmonary shunting? | pneumonia, COPD and pulmonary edema prevent gas exchange in the alveoli
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| what is pneumothorax? | collapsed lung
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| what is egophony? | when auscultating patient, ask them to say a long "e", instead, you hear an "a"
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| what is the pediatric dose for amiodarone ? | 5mg/kg IV/IO over 20-60 minutes
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| what is the pedi dose for dexamethasone for allergic reactions? | 0.6mg/kg
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| what is peripheral vascular resistance? | the resistance of blood throughout all vessels
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| what is cardiac output? | the amount of blood pumped out of heart in one minute
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| what is the formula for cardiac output? | stroke volume x heart rate
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| what is stroke volume? | amount of blood ejected from left ventricle with each contraction
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| what is the narrowest part of airway for a child? | cricoid
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| where is the cricoid? | beneath thyroid cartilage
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| what is the pharynx? | muscular tube from back of soft palate to esophagus
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| what is the larynx? | joins pharynx with trachea and separates upper and lower airways
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| what is septum? | separates right and left nasal cavities
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| can you reuse AED pads? | no
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| what is ARDS? | acute respiratory distress syndrome prevents gas exchange in the lungs and is deadly
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| what is the dose for dextrose in a pedi? | 2-4ml's of D25
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| dose for epinephrine 1:10,000 for pedi? | 0.01mg/kg or 0.1ml/kg
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| what is the hypotension threshold for an infant? | less than 70 systolic
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| what is the pedi dose for atropine? | 0.1mg IVP
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| what is hemoglobin referred to when carrying CO2? | carboxyhemoglobin
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| what is the highest allowable joule for cardioversion of a pedi? | 2 j/kg
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| what is croup? | swelling of upper airways caused by viral infection
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| what is the characteristic of croup? | barking seal cough and stridor lung sounds
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| what is the treatment for croup? | change of environement/temperature and racemic epinephrine 0.25-0.75ml of 2.25% solution
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| what is considered hypoglycemia in a neonate? | anything less than 45mg/dL
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| what is mallory weiss syndrome? | tear in junction between stomach and esophagus
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| what is rales lung sound? | slurping your drink or shoveling rock lung sounds characterized by fluid in smaller airways
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| at what age do you switch from pedi to adult defib pad? | 1 yo/10 kg
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| what is battle signs? | bruising behind ear for possible basal fracture. It is on the mastoid process/temporal bone
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| epi infusion for anaphylaxis dose | 0.1-1mcg/kg/min
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| what is the correct joul setting for pedi defibrillation? | 4j/kg
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| what is the dose for diphenhydramine? | 25-50mg
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| what is considered a normal QRS duration in pedi? | less than 0.09 seconds
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| what type of shock is involved with septic shock? | distributive
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| what class is diltiazem? | calcium channel blocker
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| what is treatment for overdose of diltiazem? | calcium chloride
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| indications for magnesium sulfate | torsade de pointes, asthma, hypertensive during pregnancy
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| what is the maximum suction pressure for an infant? | 100mmHg
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| what is arteriosclerosis? | thickening, loss of elasticity, and hardening of walls of the arteries from calcium deposits
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| what is artheriosclerosis? | progressive degenerative disease of the midsize and large arteries
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| what is the dose for procainamide for a patient in vtach with a pulse? | 20-50mg/min IV
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| what valves are open during diastole? | tricuspid and mitral to allow filling of blood
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| what valves are open during systole? | pulmonic and aortic valve to allow blood ejection
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| what are the atrioventricular valves? | valves between atria and ventricle, tricuspid and bicuspid valves
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| what are the semilunar valves? | valves between ventricles and outside the heart, pulmonic and aorta valve
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| what is the dose for calcium chloride? | 0.5-1 gram slow IV over 3-5 minutes
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| what is the dose for calcium chloride for hypotension after diltiazem? | 250-500mg
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| what is the inner layer of the heart? | endocardium
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| what is the middle layer of the heart? | myocardium
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| what is the outer layer of the heart? | epicardium
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| what part of the heart does left anterior descending artery feed? | LADA (4 letters) feeds V1-V4
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| what happens in the ascending loop of henle? | sodium, potassium and chloride is reabsorbed back into blood and pumped out into renal medulla
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| what part of the heart does LCX feed? | aVL, I, V5 and V6 (1+5+6=12; L is the 12th letter of the alphabet)
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| what is inotropy? | cardiac contractile force
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| what is nosocomial infection? | infection acquired in a medical setting
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| what part of the heart does RCA feed? | RIP feeds inferior because RCA rests inferior posterior of the heart
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| where is angiotensin manufactured and secreted from? | liver
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| what are the adrenergic receptors? | alpha and beta receptors
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| what is indicated for SVT? | adenosine
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| what are the receptors for the parasympathetic system? | muscarinic and nicotinic
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| what is the neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic system? | acethylcholine
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| what allows blood to bypass the pulmonary system in a fetus? | foramen ovale
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| what is the most prevalent intracellular ion? | potassium
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| what is the most prevalent extracellular ion? | sodium
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| what are nephrolithiasis? | kidney stones
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| what is stroke volume? | blood ejected with each beat
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| what 3 factors play a role in stroke volume? | contractility, preload and afterload
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| what is the dose for atropine for an organophosphate poisoning? | 2-5mg IV
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| what is the correct dose for amiodarone slow infusion? | 1mg/min over 6 hours
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| what does a parasympatholytic drug do? | inhibits the parasympathetic system
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| what is the dose for lidocaine for cardiac arrest? | 1-1.5mg/kg IVP
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| what is supine hypotension syndrome? | when mom is laying supine, the baby puts pressure on inferior vena cava not allowing blood to return to heart
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| what causes depolarization in autorhythmic cells? | sodium
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| what is the dose for diltiazem? | 15-20mg IV
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| what are signs and symptoms for pyloric stenosis? | projectile vomiting, unable to gain weight, always hungry and upset. Food is stuck and every time baby eats he regurgitates milk
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| what cranial nerve could produce deviation f the patient's tongue? | 12 - hypoglossal is motor for all muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus
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| what is ejection fracture? | 2/3 of blood left in ventricle at the end of systole
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| what is the formula for blood pressure? | cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance or (stroke volume x heart rate) x systemic vascular resistance
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| what are erythrocytes? | hormone that matures red blood cells
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| where are erythrocytes produced? | kidneys
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| what is erythropoietin? | hormone produced by kidneys to produce more red blood cells aka erythrocytes
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| what is the Einthoven's triangle? | leads I, II and III
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| what delivery should never be attempted in the field? | limb presentation
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| what is inotropy? | contraction of heart
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| what is dromotropy? | speed of electricity
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| what is chromotropy? | the heart rate, how fast the heart beats
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| how does an autorhythmic cell depolarize? | calcium
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| how does autorhythmic cell repolarize? | potassium
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| how does myocardial contractile cell depolarize? | sodium
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| how does myocardial contractile cell repolarize? | potassium
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| what does prolonged PRI indicate? | delay in AV node
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| what covers the lungs? | visceral pleura that does not contain nerves
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| what is action potential for autorhythmic cell? | -40
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| when is pregnancy considered full term? | 38 weeks
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| what is the most common cause for upper GI hemorrhage? | peptic ulcers
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| what is atrial kick? | atrial systole before ventricular contraction, it boosts cardiac output
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| what can lose our atrial kick? | atrial fibrillation
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| what does sodium do to the heart? | depolarizes the myocardium
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| what does calcium do to the heart? | it causes depolarization and contraction in the myocardium
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| what does potassium do to the heart? | it causes repolarization
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| what does p wave represent? | atrial depolarization
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| Lead I | right arm negative, left arm positive
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| Lead II | right arm negative, left leg positive
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| Lead III | left arm negative, left leg positive
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| how do you calculate minute volume? | respiratory rate x tidal volume
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| how do you calculate alveolar minute volume? | tidal volume minus minus dead space volume x respiratory rate
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| what is acute coronary syndrome? | coronary artery disease such as ischemia, injury and infarction
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| what is the connection point between arterial and venous systems? | capillaries
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| what is the first phase of menstrual cycle? | menstrual phase
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| what represents ischemia in ECG? | inverted p waves, ST depression and hyperacute T waves
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| what is the respiratory drive for a person? | hypercarbic drive
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| what is the respiratory drive for a person with COPD? | hypoxic drive
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| what represents injury in an ECG? | ST elevation
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| signs and symptoms of epiglottitis | high fever, drooling, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), saliva, stridor, hoarseness, difficulty breathing and cyanosis
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| what does 02 attach to? | hemoglobin
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| what happens with oxygen on right shift? | hemoglobin more readily releases oxygen
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| What on an ECG usually represents the presence of an old MI? | pathological Q waves and ST elevation
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| what consists of the visceral and parietal layer? | pericardium
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| what does dysrhythmia mean? | abnormal rhythm
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| After blood circulates through the lungs and becomes oxygenated, it returns to the heart by way of the: | pulmonary veins
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| The period of time from the end of one cardiac contraction to the end of the next is called the cardiac: | cycle
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| The three types of ECG leads include: | augmented, bipolar and precordial
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| Leads designated aVR, aVL, and aVF are known as __________ leads. Leads designated aVR, aVL, and aVF are known as __________ leads. | augmented
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| what separates the ventricles? | interventricular septum
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| The QRS complex reflects | ventricular depolarization
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| The term “collateral circulation” refers to | An alternative path for blood flow in case of blockage
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| The cardiovascular system’s two major components are the heart and: | peripheral blood vessels
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| Which of the following is considered the most abundant circulating antibody in the human body? | IgG
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| what are the signs of left hearted failure? | fluid back up into lungs causing rales, dyspnea and tachypnea
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| what are the signs of right hearted failure? | fluid backs up into body
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| what is type I diabetes? | autoimmune disease where immune system attacks beta cells in pancreas in isles of langerhans
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| what are the 3 p's for diabetes? | polydipsia (drinking too much water), polyuria (peeing alot), and polyphasia
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| how do you calculate an ET tube for a child? | 16 + age / 4
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| Pressure in the filled ventricle at the end of diastole is called: | preload
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| what are ventricular escape rhythms? | safety mechanisms that should not be suppressed to prevent cardiac standstill
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| what medications would be indicated for a pediatric patient that is found bradycardia? | epi 1:10,000 0.01mg/kg
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| what are the 4 functions of the skin? | water balance, temperature regulation, protection and sensory
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| A single monitoring lead can indicate: | rate of heartbeat, regularity of heartbeat, time it takes to conduct impulse through various parts of the heart
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| What is considered the most common ECG rhythm to find in a pediatric patient that is in cardiac arrest? | asystole
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| under what control are the skeletal muscles? | somatic/voluntary
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| what are the skeletal muscles responsible for? | swallowing, maintenance of posture, facial expressions, tongue movement and swallowing
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| The interval of time in the cardiac cycle when a sufficiently strong stimulus may produce depolarization is called the ______ refractory period. | relative
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| Dysrhythmias that originate in the SA node include: | sinus tachycardia
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| Time interval markings on ECG paper are placed at ______-second intervals. | 3
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| Why is a right sided heart attack a contraindication for the administration of NTG? | causes a significant decrease in preload
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| what are the joules for cardioversion on pedi? | 1j/kg up to 2j/kg
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| what are the joules for defibrillation for pedi? | 2j/kg up to 4j/kg
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| When would you apply Sgarbossa Criteria to a 12 lead ECG? | LBBB and pace maker
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| what are the rules for suctioning a pedi? | set less than 100mmHg for infants, avoid excessive suctioning less than 10 seconds, avoid stimulation of vagus nerve which may produce bradycardia
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| How does the heart receive its own blood supply and when does this occur? | through coronary arteries during diastole
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| what is external respirations/pulmonary respiration? | gas exchange in the lungs, gas exchange between blood and alveoli
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| what is internal respiration/cellular respiration? | cells of tissues receive O2 and expel CO2 in bloodstream for removal, gas exchange between blood and cells
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| what is cellular respiration? | cells of tissue receiving O2 and expelling CO2 into bloodstream for removal
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| What type of patient presentation would prompt us to consider using transcutaneous pacing? | unstable bradycardia
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| what would you do for complete foreign body airway obstruction? | CPR
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| What is considered the most abundant white blood cell in the human body? | neutrophils
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| The correct dose of Benadryl to be administered to a patient suffering from a suspected allergic reaction is | 25mg
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| What is pericarditis? | inflammation of the pericardial sac, layer that surrounds the heart
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| how can you identify pericarditis on an ECG? | spodicks sign or downsloping of the TP segment on an ECG
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| what is the resting potential for a myocardial cell? | -90
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| what is the action potential for a myocardial cell? | -85
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| what causes depolarization? | sodium influx
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| what causes repolarization? | potassium efflux
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| where does spinal cord end? | L2
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| how many cervical bones do you have? | 7 (neck)
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| how many thoracic bones do you have? | 12 (upper back)
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| how many lumbar bones do you have? | 5 (lower back)
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| how many sacral bones do you have? | 1
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| how many coccygeal bones do you have? | 1
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| what nervous system does parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system fall under? | autonomic nervous system
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| what nervous system does the autonomic nervous system fall under? | peripheral nervous system
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| contraindications for nitroglycerin | right heart side MI, heart rate over 100 or under 50, blood pressure less than 90 and Vtach
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| what are two branches of the autonomic nervous system? | parasympathetic and sympathetic system
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| What are the four parts of a neuron? | dendrites, soma, axons and synaptic terminals
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| The presence of J waves on a 12-lead ECG with a patient who is not hypothermic is usually associated with: | benign early repolarization (BER)
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| what is the action potential for a neuron? | -55
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| what is the resting potential for a neuron? | -70
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| what are signs and symptoms for right sided heart failure? | ascites (swelling in abdomen), pitting peripheral edema and JVD
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| whats the classification for haloperidol? | psychosis
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| what is the dose for haloperidol? | 2-10mg IM/PO
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| what matures t cells? | thymus
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| How does the conduction of an impulse travel down an unmyelinated versus myelinated axon of a neuron? | conduction travels 30x faster on an myelinated axon due to saltatory conduction
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| signs and symptoms for anorexia nervosa? | weight loss, refusal to maintain body weight, cessation of menstruation from severe malnutrition
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| what does LEMON stand for? | L - look externally, E - evaluate 3-3-2, M - mallampati, O - obstructions, N - neck mobility
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|
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| What is the main neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system | ach
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|
||||
| You are treating a patient you suspect may be suffering from septic shock. You should consider fluid and pressor therapy to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of: | above 60mmHg
🗑
|
||||
| What is class 1 for mallampati classification? | full visualization of uvula
🗑
|
||||
| What is class 2 for mallampati classification? | partial visualization of uvula but hitting tip
🗑
|
||||
| What is class 3 for mallampati classification? | partial visualization of uvula, only half of uvula is visual
🗑
|
||||
| What is class 4 for mallampati classification? | no visualization
🗑
|
||||
| In which of the following situations is hemolytic disease of the newborn most likely to occur? | an Rh negative mother delivers a second Rh positive newborn
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|
||||
| What are the different bones of the skull? | cranium and face
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|
||||
| what would you most likely find in a patient with a hematological disease resulting in production of high numbers of abdnormal red blood cells? | splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
🗑
|
||||
| what are normal glucose levels? | 80-120
🗑
|
||||
| what is hyperglycemia? | over 140mg/dL
🗑
|
||||
| what is hypoglycemic? | less than 70mg/dL
🗑
|
||||
| How many bones make up the spine? | 24
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following medications would be most useful in the event of a transfusion reaction? | diphenhydramine
🗑
|
||||
| what is polyuria? | peeing a lot and frequent
🗑
|
||||
| what is polydipsia? | increased thirst
🗑
|
||||
| what is polyphagia ? | increased appetite
🗑
|
||||
| what are the 3 p's in hyperglycemia? | polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia
🗑
|
||||
| what type of respirations will type 1 diabetes be associated with? | Kussmaul's respirations
🗑
|
||||
| `what entails the cervical vertebrae | C1-C7
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|
||||
| what entails the thoracic vertebrae? | T1-T12
🗑
|
||||
| what entails the lumbar vertebrae? | L1-L5
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|
||||
| The more acidic the blood is, the more readily hemoglobin: | releases oxygen
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|
||||
| when do we treat hyperglycemia? | greater than 300mg/dL
🗑
|
||||
| what is the pathway that starts the clotting process when tissues are damaged? | extrinsic pathway
🗑
|
||||
| signs and symptoms for grave's disease | goiter (enlarged neck), exophthalmos (bulging of eyes)
🗑
|
||||
| what is grave's disease? | autoimmune disease that leads to overactivity of the entire thyroid gland, causes overproduction of thyroid hormones
🗑
|
||||
| how can you control HR? | beta blockers
🗑
|
||||
| What purpose does Cerebral Spinal Fluid provide to the body? | Important in nutrition and immune function as well as protects the brain and spinal cord from injury by cushioning it
🗑
|
||||
| signs and symptoms for cushing's sydrome | round (moon) face, weight gain in upper body, small legs, buffalo hump and purple striae
🗑
|
||||
| what is addison's disease? | body does not produce enough cortisol and/or aldosterone and cannot handle stress very well
🗑
|
||||
| what can cause liquefaction necrosis? | alkalis
🗑
|
||||
| what is humoral immunity? | when you've previously been exposed to allergen and uses antibodies to protect body
🗑
|
||||
| what is innate/cellular/nonspecific immunity? | never been exposed to antigen
🗑
|
||||
| what are the 1st line of defense for the immune system? | skin, mucus membranes and stomach acid
🗑
|
||||
| what is somatoform disorder? | patient believes they are sick and not even physician can convince them otherwise
🗑
|
||||
| what is conversion disorder? | patient has an actual physical problem but no identifiable cause
🗑
|
||||
| what is factitious disorder/munchausen syndrome? | where patient fakes symptoms and signs
🗑
|
||||
| what is munchausen syndrome by proxy? | parent makes child sick to get attention
🗑
|
||||
| what are the different parts of the brain? | cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem
🗑
|
||||
| what is miosis? | constriction of pupils
🗑
|
||||
| if a patient has miosis, what type of treatment would you provide? | naloxone
🗑
|
||||
| what is the reflex arc? | connects sensory impulses to muscle contractions
🗑
|
||||
| what is decorticate posturing? | arms flexed, fists clenched and legs extended
🗑
|
||||
| what is decerebrate posturing? | stiff and extended extremities with retracted head (arms and legs extended)
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of activated charcoal? | adsorbs toxins in the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| what is cushing's triad? | high blood pressure, low heart rate and irregular breathing
🗑
|
||||
| what are 2 types of strokes? | ischemic and hemorrhage
🗑
|
||||
| what are generalized seizures? | involve both hemispheres of the brain
🗑
|
||||
| what is the tonic stage of a seizure? | tense, contracted muscles
🗑
|
||||
| what is clonic stage? | rhythmic jerking movements of extremities
🗑
|
||||
| what is postictal stage? | gradual return to consciousness
🗑
|
||||
| what is an absence seizure? | generalized but no obvious convulsions
🗑
|
||||
| what is status epilepticus? | uninterrupted tonic clonic seizures lasting more than 30 seconds or two or more tonic clonic seizures
🗑
|
||||
| when is chronic renal failure diagnosed? | when 70 percent of the nephrons are lost and the patient is clinically unstable.
🗑
|
||||
| what is the Hering-Breuer reflex? | during inspiration, lungs become distended, activating stretch receptors and prevent overexpansion of lungs
🗑
|
||||
| what chemistry findings would suggest acute renal failure | elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
🗑
|
||||
| what three things make up the CPSS? | facial droop, arm drift and speech
🗑
|
||||
| presence of gallstones in a patient's gallbladder is known as | cholelithiasis
🗑
|
||||
| What is considered the most important piece of information that you need to obtain about a patient that is presenting with a possible stroke? | when symptoms began
🗑
|
||||
| A bowel obstruction that is caused when a portion of the small intestine twists around itself is: | intestinal volvulus
🗑
|
||||
| what does aldosterone do? | reabsorbs sodium and increases secretion of potassium
🗑
|
||||
| where is aldosterone produced? | adrenal cortex in the kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| what does the middle layer of the adrenal cortex produce? | glucocorticoids in response to stress
🗑
|
||||
| what does cortisol do? | stimulates the body energy production
🗑
|
||||
| what does the inner layer of the adrenal cortex produce? | sex hormones estrogen and testosterone
🗑
|
||||
| what does the adrenal medulla produce? | epinephrine and norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| what is catecholamine? | epi and norepi collectively and aid in the fight or flight response
🗑
|
||||
| what is the treatment for hyperkalemia? | 1g of calcium chloride
🗑
|
||||
| what is addison disease? | deficiency in cortisol production
🗑
|
||||
| what is cushing syndrome? | excess of cortisol production
🗑
|
||||
| What medication can be administered in the hospital for a patient that has been diagnosed with an ischemic stroke? | fibrinolytics
🗑
|
||||
| afferent fibers transmit impulses from and to where? | afferent fibers are sensory nerves that transmit impulses from central nervous system to body
🗑
|
||||
| efferent fibers transmit impulses from and to where? | efferent fibers are motor nerves that transmit impulses from central nervous system to the muscles of the body
🗑
|
||||
| what is a grand mal seizure? | tonic clonic seizure
🗑
|
||||
| what is a petit mal seizure? | absence seizure
🗑
|
||||
| what happens during petit mal seizure/absence seizure? | complete lack of movement and patient does not realize what happened
🗑
|
||||
| Anaphylaxis is categorized as what type of shock? | distributive
🗑
|
||||
| what is a simple partial seizure? | one area of the body will begin moving or one area will lose feeling
🗑
|
||||
| what is a complex partial seizure? | simple partial seizure symptoms including hallucinations or change in level of consciousness and will remember incident
🗑
|
||||
| cushing's syndrome is a disorder of what? | adrenal glands
🗑
|
||||
| The initial exposure of an individual to an antigen is referred to as what? | sensitization
🗑
|
||||
| what is the characteristic of synchronized cardioversion? | it is timed to be synchronous with the patient's R wave
🗑
|
||||
| why is diphenhydramine administered in anaphylaxis? | reduces histamine release from mast cells and basophils, blocks histamine receptors and is nonselective
🗑
|
||||
| what is the most common for upper hemorrhage? | peptic ulcers
🗑
|
||||
| what separates lower and upper GI tract? | ligament of treitz
🗑
|
||||
| what enzyme is found in saliva? | amylase
🗑
|
||||
| what is the pyloric sphincter? | connects stomach to duodenum
🗑
|
||||
| what is diverticulitis? | inflamed pouches in the large intestine due to infection caused by trapped fecal matter
🗑
|
||||
| signs and symptoms of diverticulitis | LLQ pain, fever, vomiting and malaise
🗑
|
||||
| what is the main function of the small intestine? | absorb nutrients
🗑
|
||||
| where is bile created? | liver
🗑
|
||||
| what does bile do? | helps breakdown fats
🗑
|
||||
| what is intussusception? | large intestine telescopes over itself
🗑
|
||||
| where is bile stored? | pancreas
🗑
|
||||
| what is volvus? | twisting of colon that causes kink where fecal matter cannot pass
🗑
|
||||
| where do obstructions commonly happen in the small intestine? | ileum due to being the longest
🗑
|
||||
| what medication can you administer for seizures? | midazolam or diazepam
🗑
|
||||
| what are the main functions of the renal system? | maintain blood volume with proper pH, retain glucose and excrete urea
🗑
|
||||
| what is the function of the kidneys and nephron? | filter blood and form urine
🗑
|
||||
| how do uterers carry urine from kidneys? | by peristalsis
🗑
|
||||
| what is the functional unit of the kidney? | nephron
🗑
|
||||
| what are antibodies? | proteins that search for antigen, combine with it and destroy it
🗑
|
||||
| How does a benzodiazepine stop seizures? | they bind to GABA receptors which slows or calms the nervous system
🗑
|
||||
| An allergen's most common route of entry in an anaphylactic reaction is: | injection
🗑
|
||||
| what does QRS represent? | ventricular depolarization
🗑
|
||||
| what does T wave represent? | ventricular repolarization
🗑
|
||||
| What are the four different types of headaches? | thunderclap, migraine, cluster and tension
🗑
|
||||
| cell immunity generates what? | t lymphocytes
🗑
|
||||
| what type of complications does levothyroxine cause? | afib with rvr, hypotension and seizures
🗑
|
||||
| what is the most common type of headache | tension
🗑
|
||||
| what headache is known as vascular headache? | migraine
🗑
|
||||
| A patient with uncontrolled atrial fibrillation is at an increased risk for what type of stroke? | embolic
🗑
|
||||
| how does the parasympathetic nervous system control the heart? | through the vagus nerve
🗑
|
||||
| what happens when parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated? | bradycardia
🗑
|
||||
| what happens when sympathetic nervous system is stimulated? | it increases heart rate, contractility, conduction and cardiac output
🗑
|
||||
| what monitors pressure? | Jg cells
🗑
|
||||
| what cranial nerve affects bell's palsy? | 7
🗑
|
||||
| what is bell's palsy? | drooping, weakness or paralysis on one side of the face due to damage to cranial nerve 7
🗑
|
||||
| What is considered the most common type of MI? | inferior
🗑
|
||||
| what do liver cells convert ammonia to? | urea
🗑
|
||||
| What is Trigeminal Neuralgia? | sharp stabbing pain radiating from jaw
🗑
|
||||
| what are examples of narcotics (opiates)? | heroin, morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl and hydromorphone
🗑
|
||||
| what is prinzmetal angina? | sudden onset of chest pain or pressure often while at rest
🗑
|
||||
| what cranial nerve is responsible for trigeminal neuralgia? | 5
🗑
|
||||
| what ECG rhythms presents with a "saw-tooth" pattern | a flutter
🗑
|
||||
| what is manufactured in the islets of langerhans? | hormones such as insulin, glucagon and somatostatin
🗑
|
||||
| what does insulin do? | facilitates the movement of glucagon in the blood to the liver to store in glycogen and create energy for cells
🗑
|
||||
| what does glucagon do? | stimulates liver to convert glycogen back to glucose during times of fasting or inadequate food consumption
🗑
|
||||
| What is Muscular Dystrophy? | hereditary disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting of muscle tissue and gradual degeneration of muscle fibers
🗑
|
||||
| diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is found in what type of diabetic? | type 1
🗑
|
||||
| hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is found in what type of diabetic? | type 2
🗑
|
||||
| what is osmotic diuresis? | kidneys begin to secrete sugar in urine
🗑
|
||||
| what does polyuria mean? | large amount of urine
🗑
|
||||
| what are ketones? | can be excreted via exhalation or urine, have a fruity smell, happens when DKA patient's cells turn fat into fuel instead of glucose
🗑
|
||||
| what is the difference between DKA and HHS? | HHS lacks ketones
🗑
|
||||
| What is Multiple Sclerosis? | autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system
🗑
|
||||
| what is the pathophysiology for multiple sclerosis? | repeated inflammation of the myelin sheath surrounding nerves leads to scar tissues blocking nerve impulses
🗑
|
||||
| what does polydipsia mean? | excessive thirst
🗑
|
||||
| what does polyuria mean? | frequent urination
🗑
|
||||
| what are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia? | polydipsia, vomiting, polyuria, hot and dry skin, Kussmaul respirations and full, bounding pulses
🗑
|
||||
| signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia | extreme hunger, rapid onset, cool, pale and diaphoretic skin, weak and thready pulse
🗑
|
||||
| What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome? | autoimmune response to viral infection characterized by muscle weakness that leads to paralysis
🗑
|
||||
| What is considered the most lethal type of MI? | anterior
🗑
|
||||
| What is Parkinson’s Disease? | degenerative nervous disease characterized by tremors, muscular weakness and rigidity
🗑
|
||||
| A low level of what is the main cause of Parkinson’s Disease? | dopamine
🗑
|
||||
| If the stroke volume decreased, which would occur to maintain the blood pressure at its current value? | Increased heart rate and increased peripheral vascular resistance
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following is the purpose of lung surfactant? | Decrease the surface tension of water in the alveoli
🗑
|
||||
| The dorsal roots of the spinal cord contain afferent fibers that transmit impulses from ________ to ________. | Sensory nerves, central nervous system
🗑
|
||||
| Cushing's syndrome is a disorder of the: | Adrenal Glands
🗑
|
||||
| You have administered glucagon to a diabetic patient. Which of the following should occur? | Glycogenolysis, resulting in an increased blood glucose level.
🗑
|
||||
| What is the correct initial dose of Amiodarone for an adult patient found in V-Tach with a pulse? | 150mg IV slow over 10 minutes
🗑
|
||||
| statements about hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNK) is true | Aside from managing the ABCs, prehospital management is primarily aimed at correcting dehydration.
🗑
|
||||
| A finding of exophthalmos and goiter should increase your suspicion for a problem with the: | thyroid gland
🗑
|
||||
| In response to an increase in blood sugar, the pancreas will release insulin to: | Allow the glucose to permeate the cell membrane
🗑
|
||||
| An increased hydrogen ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid results in a(n) ________ ventilation rate. | increase
🗑
|
||||
| The first dose of Diltiazem for the treatment of A-Fib with RVR in an adult patient is: | 0.25mg
🗑
|
||||
| what does lead I, aVL, V5 and V6 look at? | left lateral
🗑
|
||||
| what part of the heart does lead II, III and aVF look at? | inferior wall
🗑
|
||||
| what part of the heart does V3 and V4 look at? | anterior wall
🗑
|
||||
| The majority of carbon dioxide that is made by our cells during metabolism is transported in the blood and to the alveoli: | bicarbonate ions
🗑
|
||||
| Your diabetic patient asks you why diabetics need to take insulin. Which of the following answers is most accurate? | "Insulin helps glucose enter the cells of the body so it can be used for energy."
🗑
|
||||
| Airway resistance is increased by: | bronchospasms
🗑
|
||||
| A type II diabetic with a blood glucose of 24 mg/dL would most likely be unconscious due to: | Cerebral Hypoglycemia
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following endocrine substances acts as a marker for congestive heart failure? | BNP
🗑
|
||||
| The posterior pituitary produces which two hormones? | ADH & Oxytocin
🗑
|
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