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med emergencies
final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| dose for epi 1:1,000 for anaphylactic shock for pedi | 0.01mg/kg up to 0.3mg IM |
| mechanism of albuterol | b agonist with preference for B2 |
| indications for albuterol | bronchospasm, allergies/anaphylaxis, hyperkalemia |
| dose for albuterol | adult: 2.5mg/3ml via SVN repeat every 15-20 minutes pedi: 1.25-2.5mg/1.5-3ml via SVN repeat every 15-20 minutes |
| dexamethasone mechanism | synthetic glucocorticoid, anti-inflammatory suppresses immune system |
| indications for dexamethasone | bronchial asthma, COPD, anaphylaxis |
| side effects for dexamethasone | fluid retention (swelling in peripheral), may delay wound healing |
| dose for dexamethasone | adult: 10mg IV/IO/PO pedi: 0.6mg/kg up to a max of 10mg IV/IO/PO |
| mechanism of epinephrine 1:1,000 | potent a and b agonist |
| indications for epinephrine 1:1,000 | bronchospasms, allergies/anaphylaxis |
| dose for epinephrine 1:1,000 | adult and pedi: 0.01mg/kg IM max of 0.3mg |
| mechanisms for ipratropium | anticholinergic, selectively blocks muscarinic receptors |
| indications for ipratropium | bronchospasms associated with COPD |
| ipratropium dose | adult: 500mcg/2.5ml pedi: 250-500mcg/1.25-2.5ml |
| mechanism of action for magnesium sulfate | calcium channel blocker |
| contraindications for magnesium sulfate | heart block, shock, dialysis, hypocalcemia, vfib/vtach pulseless |
| magnesium sulfate dose | adult: 1-2 grams IV/IO over 10-20 minutes (infusion) for bronchodilation pedi: 25-50mg/kg IV/IO (max of 2 grams) over 15-30 minutes (infusion for bronchodilation |
| class for amiodarone | antidysrhythmic |
| indications for amiodarone | VFib/Vtach |
| dose for amiodarone for an adult | VF/pulseless VT: 1st dose 300mg IV bolus, 2nd dose 150mg after 3-5 minutes Stable VT with pulse: 150mg over 10 minutes |
| mechanism for amiodarone | blocks sodium and potassium channels to delay repolarization |
| classification for narcan | opiate antagonist |
| dose for narcan | adult: 0.4mg-2mg IV/IN/IO/IM pedi: 0.1mg/kg up to 2mg IV/IN/IO/IM |
| mechanism for racemic epi | nonselective b sympathetic agonist |
| indications for racemic epi | croup |
| dose for racemic epi | adult & pedi: 0.25-0.75ml of 2.25% solution diluted in 3ml of NS |
| class for solumedrol | synthetic glucocorticoid, anti inflammatory suppresses immune response |
| indications for solumedrol | bronchial asthma, COPD, and anaphylaxis |
| dose for solumedrol | adult: 125-250mg IV/IO pedi: 2mg/kg IV/IO to a max of 60mg |
| class for terbutaline (brethine) | b agonist - causes relaxation of bronchospasm, does not exert as much cardiovascular side effects as epi |
| indications for terbutaline (brethine) | bronchial asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, preterm labor |
| contraindications for terbutaline (brethine) | under 12 years old |
| dose for terbutaline (brethine) | 0.25mg IM |
| class for albuterol | sympathomimetic |
| mechanism for albuterol | beta 2 agonist |
| indications for albuterol | bronchospasms in COPD and asthma |
| dose for albuterol | 2.5mg in 3ml SVN |
| what are the antigens, antibodies and acceptable donor for Type A blood? | Antigen A, Anti-B, Blood donor A and O |
| what are the antigens, antibodies and acceptable donor for Type B blood? | Antigen B, Anti-A, Blood donor B and O |
| what are the antigens, antibodies and acceptable donor for Type AB? | antigen A and B, Anti - None, blood donor A, B, AB and O |
| what are the antigens, antibodies and acceptable donor for Type O? | antigen none, Anti - A and B, blood donor O |
| what is the pathophysiology of pneumonia? | infection causes inflammation of lungs |
| is pneumonia contagious? | if caused by bacteria, yes, if caused by virus or fungi, no |
| what are the symptoms of pneumonia? | productive cough, fever, chills, colored sputum, respiratory distress and possible chest pain |
| how is pneumonia transmitted? | via droplets from cough or sneeze |
| what represents hypotension in a child? | 70 + 2 x age |
| what type of lung sounds would you hear in pneumonia? | bronchial/crackles |
| what is ventilation? | moving air in and out of lungs |
| what is respiration? | gas exchange from the living organism and environment |
| what is perfusion? | O2 and nutrients getting to destination cells and tissues |
| what is oxygenation? | transposition of CO2 from blood to alveolus |
| what does hemoglobin have more affinity to? | CO2 |
| what are intrinsic factors? | diseases inside body |
| what are extrinsic factors? | caused by environment |
| what are internal factors? | anything that prevents O2 from entering blood and CO2 from exiting |
| what is intrapulmonary shunting? | pneumonia, COPD and pulmonary edema prevent gas exchange in the alveoli |
| what is pneumothorax? | collapsed lung |
| what is egophony? | when auscultating patient, ask them to say a long "e", instead, you hear an "a" |
| what is the pediatric dose for amiodarone ? | 5mg/kg IV/IO over 20-60 minutes |
| what is the pedi dose for dexamethasone for allergic reactions? | 0.6mg/kg |
| what is peripheral vascular resistance? | the resistance of blood throughout all vessels |
| what is cardiac output? | the amount of blood pumped out of heart in one minute |
| what is the formula for cardiac output? | stroke volume x heart rate |
| what is stroke volume? | amount of blood ejected from left ventricle with each contraction |
| what is the narrowest part of airway for a child? | cricoid |
| where is the cricoid? | beneath thyroid cartilage |
| what is the pharynx? | muscular tube from back of soft palate to esophagus |
| what is the larynx? | joins pharynx with trachea and separates upper and lower airways |
| what is septum? | separates right and left nasal cavities |
| can you reuse AED pads? | no |
| what is ARDS? | acute respiratory distress syndrome prevents gas exchange in the lungs and is deadly |
| what is the dose for dextrose in a pedi? | 2-4ml's of D25 |
| dose for epinephrine 1:10,000 for pedi? | 0.01mg/kg or 0.1ml/kg |
| what is the hypotension threshold for an infant? | less than 70 systolic |
| what is the pedi dose for atropine? | 0.1mg IVP |
| what is hemoglobin referred to when carrying CO2? | carboxyhemoglobin |
| what is the highest allowable joule for cardioversion of a pedi? | 2 j/kg |
| what is croup? | swelling of upper airways caused by viral infection |
| what is the characteristic of croup? | barking seal cough and stridor lung sounds |
| what is the treatment for croup? | change of environement/temperature and racemic epinephrine 0.25-0.75ml of 2.25% solution |
| what is considered hypoglycemia in a neonate? | anything less than 45mg/dL |
| what is mallory weiss syndrome? | tear in junction between stomach and esophagus |
| what is rales lung sound? | slurping your drink or shoveling rock lung sounds characterized by fluid in smaller airways |
| at what age do you switch from pedi to adult defib pad? | 1 yo/10 kg |
| what is battle signs? | bruising behind ear for possible basal fracture. It is on the mastoid process/temporal bone |
| epi infusion for anaphylaxis dose | 0.1-1mcg/kg/min |
| what is the correct joul setting for pedi defibrillation? | 4j/kg |
| what is the dose for diphenhydramine? | 25-50mg |
| what is considered a normal QRS duration in pedi? | less than 0.09 seconds |
| what type of shock is involved with septic shock? | distributive |
| what class is diltiazem? | calcium channel blocker |
| what is treatment for overdose of diltiazem? | calcium chloride |
| indications for magnesium sulfate | torsade de pointes, asthma, hypertensive during pregnancy |
| what is the maximum suction pressure for an infant? | 100mmHg |
| what is arteriosclerosis? | thickening, loss of elasticity, and hardening of walls of the arteries from calcium deposits |
| what is artheriosclerosis? | progressive degenerative disease of the midsize and large arteries |
| what is the dose for procainamide for a patient in vtach with a pulse? | 20-50mg/min IV |
| what valves are open during diastole? | tricuspid and mitral to allow filling of blood |
| what valves are open during systole? | pulmonic and aortic valve to allow blood ejection |
| what are the atrioventricular valves? | valves between atria and ventricle, tricuspid and bicuspid valves |
| what are the semilunar valves? | valves between ventricles and outside the heart, pulmonic and aorta valve |
| what is the dose for calcium chloride? | 0.5-1 gram slow IV over 3-5 minutes |
| what is the dose for calcium chloride for hypotension after diltiazem? | 250-500mg |
| what is the inner layer of the heart? | endocardium |
| what is the middle layer of the heart? | myocardium |
| what is the outer layer of the heart? | epicardium |
| what part of the heart does left anterior descending artery feed? | LADA (4 letters) feeds V1-V4 |
| what happens in the ascending loop of henle? | sodium, potassium and chloride is reabsorbed back into blood and pumped out into renal medulla |
| what part of the heart does LCX feed? | aVL, I, V5 and V6 (1+5+6=12; L is the 12th letter of the alphabet) |
| what is inotropy? | cardiac contractile force |
| what is nosocomial infection? | infection acquired in a medical setting |
| what part of the heart does RCA feed? | RIP feeds inferior because RCA rests inferior posterior of the heart |
| where is angiotensin manufactured and secreted from? | liver |
| what are the adrenergic receptors? | alpha and beta receptors |
| what is indicated for SVT? | adenosine |
| what are the receptors for the parasympathetic system? | muscarinic and nicotinic |
| what is the neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic system? | acethylcholine |
| what allows blood to bypass the pulmonary system in a fetus? | foramen ovale |
| what is the most prevalent intracellular ion? | potassium |
| what is the most prevalent extracellular ion? | sodium |
| what are nephrolithiasis? | kidney stones |
| what is stroke volume? | blood ejected with each beat |
| what 3 factors play a role in stroke volume? | contractility, preload and afterload |
| what is the dose for atropine for an organophosphate poisoning? | 2-5mg IV |
| what is the correct dose for amiodarone slow infusion? | 1mg/min over 6 hours |
| what does a parasympatholytic drug do? | inhibits the parasympathetic system |
| what is the dose for lidocaine for cardiac arrest? | 1-1.5mg/kg IVP |
| what is supine hypotension syndrome? | when mom is laying supine, the baby puts pressure on inferior vena cava not allowing blood to return to heart |
| what causes depolarization in autorhythmic cells? | sodium |
| what is the dose for diltiazem? | 15-20mg IV |
| what are signs and symptoms for pyloric stenosis? | projectile vomiting, unable to gain weight, always hungry and upset. Food is stuck and every time baby eats he regurgitates milk |
| what cranial nerve could produce deviation f the patient's tongue? | 12 - hypoglossal is motor for all muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus |
| what is ejection fracture? | 2/3 of blood left in ventricle at the end of systole |
| what is the formula for blood pressure? | cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance or (stroke volume x heart rate) x systemic vascular resistance |
| what are erythrocytes? | hormone that matures red blood cells |
| where are erythrocytes produced? | kidneys |
| what is erythropoietin? | hormone produced by kidneys to produce more red blood cells aka erythrocytes |
| what is the Einthoven's triangle? | leads I, II and III |
| what delivery should never be attempted in the field? | limb presentation |
| what is inotropy? | contraction of heart |
| what is dromotropy? | speed of electricity |
| what is chromotropy? | the heart rate, how fast the heart beats |
| how does an autorhythmic cell depolarize? | calcium |
| how does autorhythmic cell repolarize? | potassium |
| how does myocardial contractile cell depolarize? | sodium |
| how does myocardial contractile cell repolarize? | potassium |
| what does prolonged PRI indicate? | delay in AV node |
| what covers the lungs? | visceral pleura that does not contain nerves |
| what is action potential for autorhythmic cell? | -40 |
| when is pregnancy considered full term? | 38 weeks |
| what is the most common cause for upper GI hemorrhage? | peptic ulcers |
| what is atrial kick? | atrial systole before ventricular contraction, it boosts cardiac output |
| what can lose our atrial kick? | atrial fibrillation |
| what does sodium do to the heart? | depolarizes the myocardium |
| what does calcium do to the heart? | it causes depolarization and contraction in the myocardium |
| what does potassium do to the heart? | it causes repolarization |
| what does p wave represent? | atrial depolarization |
| Lead I | right arm negative, left arm positive |
| Lead II | right arm negative, left leg positive |
| Lead III | left arm negative, left leg positive |
| how do you calculate minute volume? | respiratory rate x tidal volume |
| how do you calculate alveolar minute volume? | tidal volume minus minus dead space volume x respiratory rate |
| what is acute coronary syndrome? | coronary artery disease such as ischemia, injury and infarction |
| what is the connection point between arterial and venous systems? | capillaries |
| what is the first phase of menstrual cycle? | menstrual phase |
| what represents ischemia in ECG? | inverted p waves, ST depression and hyperacute T waves |
| what is the respiratory drive for a person? | hypercarbic drive |
| what is the respiratory drive for a person with COPD? | hypoxic drive |
| what represents injury in an ECG? | ST elevation |
| signs and symptoms of epiglottitis | high fever, drooling, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), saliva, stridor, hoarseness, difficulty breathing and cyanosis |
| what does 02 attach to? | hemoglobin |
| what happens with oxygen on right shift? | hemoglobin more readily releases oxygen |
| What on an ECG usually represents the presence of an old MI? | pathological Q waves and ST elevation |
| what consists of the visceral and parietal layer? | pericardium |
| what does dysrhythmia mean? | abnormal rhythm |
| After blood circulates through the lungs and becomes oxygenated, it returns to the heart by way of the: | pulmonary veins |
| The period of time from the end of one cardiac contraction to the end of the next is called the cardiac: | cycle |
| The three types of ECG leads include: | augmented, bipolar and precordial |
| Leads designated aVR, aVL, and aVF are known as __________ leads. Leads designated aVR, aVL, and aVF are known as __________ leads. | augmented |
| what separates the ventricles? | interventricular septum |
| The QRS complex reflects | ventricular depolarization |
| The term “collateral circulation” refers to | An alternative path for blood flow in case of blockage |
| The cardiovascular system’s two major components are the heart and: | peripheral blood vessels |
| Which of the following is considered the most abundant circulating antibody in the human body? | IgG |
| what are the signs of left hearted failure? | fluid back up into lungs causing rales, dyspnea and tachypnea |
| what are the signs of right hearted failure? | fluid backs up into body |
| what is type I diabetes? | autoimmune disease where immune system attacks beta cells in pancreas in isles of langerhans |
| what are the 3 p's for diabetes? | polydipsia (drinking too much water), polyuria (peeing alot), and polyphasia |
| how do you calculate an ET tube for a child? | 16 + age / 4 |
| Pressure in the filled ventricle at the end of diastole is called: | preload |
| what are ventricular escape rhythms? | safety mechanisms that should not be suppressed to prevent cardiac standstill |
| what medications would be indicated for a pediatric patient that is found bradycardia? | epi 1:10,000 0.01mg/kg |
| what are the 4 functions of the skin? | water balance, temperature regulation, protection and sensory |
| A single monitoring lead can indicate: | rate of heartbeat, regularity of heartbeat, time it takes to conduct impulse through various parts of the heart |
| What is considered the most common ECG rhythm to find in a pediatric patient that is in cardiac arrest? | asystole |
| under what control are the skeletal muscles? | somatic/voluntary |
| what are the skeletal muscles responsible for? | swallowing, maintenance of posture, facial expressions, tongue movement and swallowing |
| The interval of time in the cardiac cycle when a sufficiently strong stimulus may produce depolarization is called the ______ refractory period. | relative |
| Dysrhythmias that originate in the SA node include: | sinus tachycardia |
| Time interval markings on ECG paper are placed at ______-second intervals. | 3 |
| Why is a right sided heart attack a contraindication for the administration of NTG? | causes a significant decrease in preload |
| what are the joules for cardioversion on pedi? | 1j/kg up to 2j/kg |
| what are the joules for defibrillation for pedi? | 2j/kg up to 4j/kg |
| When would you apply Sgarbossa Criteria to a 12 lead ECG? | LBBB and pace maker |
| what are the rules for suctioning a pedi? | set less than 100mmHg for infants, avoid excessive suctioning less than 10 seconds, avoid stimulation of vagus nerve which may produce bradycardia |
| How does the heart receive its own blood supply and when does this occur? | through coronary arteries during diastole |
| what is external respirations/pulmonary respiration? | gas exchange in the lungs, gas exchange between blood and alveoli |
| what is internal respiration/cellular respiration? | cells of tissues receive O2 and expel CO2 in bloodstream for removal, gas exchange between blood and cells |
| what is cellular respiration? | cells of tissue receiving O2 and expelling CO2 into bloodstream for removal |
| What type of patient presentation would prompt us to consider using transcutaneous pacing? | unstable bradycardia |
| what would you do for complete foreign body airway obstruction? | CPR |
| What is considered the most abundant white blood cell in the human body? | neutrophils |
| The correct dose of Benadryl to be administered to a patient suffering from a suspected allergic reaction is | 25mg |
| What is pericarditis? | inflammation of the pericardial sac, layer that surrounds the heart |
| how can you identify pericarditis on an ECG? | spodicks sign or downsloping of the TP segment on an ECG |
| what is the resting potential for a myocardial cell? | -90 |
| what is the action potential for a myocardial cell? | -85 |
| what causes depolarization? | sodium influx |
| what causes repolarization? | potassium efflux |
| where does spinal cord end? | L2 |
| how many cervical bones do you have? | 7 (neck) |
| how many thoracic bones do you have? | 12 (upper back) |
| how many lumbar bones do you have? | 5 (lower back) |
| how many sacral bones do you have? | 1 |
| how many coccygeal bones do you have? | 1 |
| what nervous system does parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system fall under? | autonomic nervous system |
| what nervous system does the autonomic nervous system fall under? | peripheral nervous system |
| contraindications for nitroglycerin | right heart side MI, heart rate over 100 or under 50, blood pressure less than 90 and Vtach |
| what are two branches of the autonomic nervous system? | parasympathetic and sympathetic system |
| What are the four parts of a neuron? | dendrites, soma, axons and synaptic terminals |
| The presence of J waves on a 12-lead ECG with a patient who is not hypothermic is usually associated with: | benign early repolarization (BER) |
| what is the action potential for a neuron? | -55 |
| what is the resting potential for a neuron? | -70 |
| what are signs and symptoms for right sided heart failure? | ascites (swelling in abdomen), pitting peripheral edema and JVD |
| whats the classification for haloperidol? | psychosis |
| what is the dose for haloperidol? | 2-10mg IM/PO |
| what matures t cells? | thymus |
| How does the conduction of an impulse travel down an unmyelinated versus myelinated axon of a neuron? | conduction travels 30x faster on an myelinated axon due to saltatory conduction |
| signs and symptoms for anorexia nervosa? | weight loss, refusal to maintain body weight, cessation of menstruation from severe malnutrition |
| what does LEMON stand for? | L - look externally, E - evaluate 3-3-2, M - mallampati, O - obstructions, N - neck mobility |
| What is the main neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system | ach |
| You are treating a patient you suspect may be suffering from septic shock. You should consider fluid and pressor therapy to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of: | above 60mmHg |
| What is class 1 for mallampati classification? | full visualization of uvula |
| What is class 2 for mallampati classification? | partial visualization of uvula but hitting tip |
| What is class 3 for mallampati classification? | partial visualization of uvula, only half of uvula is visual |
| What is class 4 for mallampati classification? | no visualization |
| In which of the following situations is hemolytic disease of the newborn most likely to occur? | an Rh negative mother delivers a second Rh positive newborn |
| What are the different bones of the skull? | cranium and face |
| what would you most likely find in a patient with a hematological disease resulting in production of high numbers of abdnormal red blood cells? | splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) |
| what are normal glucose levels? | 80-120 |
| what is hyperglycemia? | over 140mg/dL |
| what is hypoglycemic? | less than 70mg/dL |
| How many bones make up the spine? | 24 |
| Which of the following medications would be most useful in the event of a transfusion reaction? | diphenhydramine |
| what is polyuria? | peeing a lot and frequent |
| what is polydipsia? | increased thirst |
| what is polyphagia ? | increased appetite |
| what are the 3 p's in hyperglycemia? | polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia |
| what type of respirations will type 1 diabetes be associated with? | Kussmaul's respirations |
| `what entails the cervical vertebrae | C1-C7 |
| what entails the thoracic vertebrae? | T1-T12 |
| what entails the lumbar vertebrae? | L1-L5 |
| The more acidic the blood is, the more readily hemoglobin: | releases oxygen |
| when do we treat hyperglycemia? | greater than 300mg/dL |
| what is the pathway that starts the clotting process when tissues are damaged? | extrinsic pathway |
| signs and symptoms for grave's disease | goiter (enlarged neck), exophthalmos (bulging of eyes) |
| what is grave's disease? | autoimmune disease that leads to overactivity of the entire thyroid gland, causes overproduction of thyroid hormones |
| how can you control HR? | beta blockers |
| What purpose does Cerebral Spinal Fluid provide to the body? | Important in nutrition and immune function as well as protects the brain and spinal cord from injury by cushioning it |
| signs and symptoms for cushing's sydrome | round (moon) face, weight gain in upper body, small legs, buffalo hump and purple striae |
| what is addison's disease? | body does not produce enough cortisol and/or aldosterone and cannot handle stress very well |
| what can cause liquefaction necrosis? | alkalis |
| what is humoral immunity? | when you've previously been exposed to allergen and uses antibodies to protect body |
| what is innate/cellular/nonspecific immunity? | never been exposed to antigen |
| what are the 1st line of defense for the immune system? | skin, mucus membranes and stomach acid |
| what is somatoform disorder? | patient believes they are sick and not even physician can convince them otherwise |
| what is conversion disorder? | patient has an actual physical problem but no identifiable cause |
| what is factitious disorder/munchausen syndrome? | where patient fakes symptoms and signs |
| what is munchausen syndrome by proxy? | parent makes child sick to get attention |
| what are the different parts of the brain? | cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem |
| what is miosis? | constriction of pupils |
| if a patient has miosis, what type of treatment would you provide? | naloxone |
| what is the reflex arc? | connects sensory impulses to muscle contractions |
| what is decorticate posturing? | arms flexed, fists clenched and legs extended |
| what is decerebrate posturing? | stiff and extended extremities with retracted head (arms and legs extended) |
| Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of activated charcoal? | adsorbs toxins in the stomach |
| what is cushing's triad? | high blood pressure, low heart rate and irregular breathing |
| what are 2 types of strokes? | ischemic and hemorrhage |
| what are generalized seizures? | involve both hemispheres of the brain |
| what is the tonic stage of a seizure? | tense, contracted muscles |
| what is clonic stage? | rhythmic jerking movements of extremities |
| what is postictal stage? | gradual return to consciousness |
| what is an absence seizure? | generalized but no obvious convulsions |
| what is status epilepticus? | uninterrupted tonic clonic seizures lasting more than 30 seconds or two or more tonic clonic seizures |
| when is chronic renal failure diagnosed? | when 70 percent of the nephrons are lost and the patient is clinically unstable. |
| what is the Hering-Breuer reflex? | during inspiration, lungs become distended, activating stretch receptors and prevent overexpansion of lungs |
| what chemistry findings would suggest acute renal failure | elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
| what three things make up the CPSS? | facial droop, arm drift and speech |
| presence of gallstones in a patient's gallbladder is known as | cholelithiasis |
| What is considered the most important piece of information that you need to obtain about a patient that is presenting with a possible stroke? | when symptoms began |
| A bowel obstruction that is caused when a portion of the small intestine twists around itself is: | intestinal volvulus |
| what does aldosterone do? | reabsorbs sodium and increases secretion of potassium |
| where is aldosterone produced? | adrenal cortex in the kidneys |
| what does the middle layer of the adrenal cortex produce? | glucocorticoids in response to stress |
| what does cortisol do? | stimulates the body energy production |
| what does the inner layer of the adrenal cortex produce? | sex hormones estrogen and testosterone |
| what does the adrenal medulla produce? | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| what is catecholamine? | epi and norepi collectively and aid in the fight or flight response |
| what is the treatment for hyperkalemia? | 1g of calcium chloride |
| what is addison disease? | deficiency in cortisol production |
| what is cushing syndrome? | excess of cortisol production |
| What medication can be administered in the hospital for a patient that has been diagnosed with an ischemic stroke? | fibrinolytics |
| afferent fibers transmit impulses from and to where? | afferent fibers are sensory nerves that transmit impulses from central nervous system to body |
| efferent fibers transmit impulses from and to where? | efferent fibers are motor nerves that transmit impulses from central nervous system to the muscles of the body |
| what is a grand mal seizure? | tonic clonic seizure |
| what is a petit mal seizure? | absence seizure |
| what happens during petit mal seizure/absence seizure? | complete lack of movement and patient does not realize what happened |
| Anaphylaxis is categorized as what type of shock? | distributive |
| what is a simple partial seizure? | one area of the body will begin moving or one area will lose feeling |
| what is a complex partial seizure? | simple partial seizure symptoms including hallucinations or change in level of consciousness and will remember incident |
| cushing's syndrome is a disorder of what? | adrenal glands |
| The initial exposure of an individual to an antigen is referred to as what? | sensitization |
| what is the characteristic of synchronized cardioversion? | it is timed to be synchronous with the patient's R wave |
| why is diphenhydramine administered in anaphylaxis? | reduces histamine release from mast cells and basophils, blocks histamine receptors and is nonselective |
| what is the most common for upper hemorrhage? | peptic ulcers |
| what separates lower and upper GI tract? | ligament of treitz |
| what enzyme is found in saliva? | amylase |
| what is the pyloric sphincter? | connects stomach to duodenum |
| what is diverticulitis? | inflamed pouches in the large intestine due to infection caused by trapped fecal matter |
| signs and symptoms of diverticulitis | LLQ pain, fever, vomiting and malaise |
| what is the main function of the small intestine? | absorb nutrients |
| where is bile created? | liver |
| what does bile do? | helps breakdown fats |
| what is intussusception? | large intestine telescopes over itself |
| where is bile stored? | pancreas |
| what is volvus? | twisting of colon that causes kink where fecal matter cannot pass |
| where do obstructions commonly happen in the small intestine? | ileum due to being the longest |
| what medication can you administer for seizures? | midazolam or diazepam |
| what are the main functions of the renal system? | maintain blood volume with proper pH, retain glucose and excrete urea |
| what is the function of the kidneys and nephron? | filter blood and form urine |
| how do uterers carry urine from kidneys? | by peristalsis |
| what is the functional unit of the kidney? | nephron |
| what are antibodies? | proteins that search for antigen, combine with it and destroy it |
| How does a benzodiazepine stop seizures? | they bind to GABA receptors which slows or calms the nervous system |
| An allergen's most common route of entry in an anaphylactic reaction is: | injection |
| what does QRS represent? | ventricular depolarization |
| what does T wave represent? | ventricular repolarization |
| What are the four different types of headaches? | thunderclap, migraine, cluster and tension |
| cell immunity generates what? | t lymphocytes |
| what type of complications does levothyroxine cause? | afib with rvr, hypotension and seizures |
| what is the most common type of headache | tension |
| what headache is known as vascular headache? | migraine |
| A patient with uncontrolled atrial fibrillation is at an increased risk for what type of stroke? | embolic |
| how does the parasympathetic nervous system control the heart? | through the vagus nerve |
| what happens when parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated? | bradycardia |
| what happens when sympathetic nervous system is stimulated? | it increases heart rate, contractility, conduction and cardiac output |
| what monitors pressure? | Jg cells |
| what cranial nerve affects bell's palsy? | 7 |
| what is bell's palsy? | drooping, weakness or paralysis on one side of the face due to damage to cranial nerve 7 |
| What is considered the most common type of MI? | inferior |
| what do liver cells convert ammonia to? | urea |
| What is Trigeminal Neuralgia? | sharp stabbing pain radiating from jaw |
| what are examples of narcotics (opiates)? | heroin, morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl and hydromorphone |
| what is prinzmetal angina? | sudden onset of chest pain or pressure often while at rest |
| what cranial nerve is responsible for trigeminal neuralgia? | 5 |
| what ECG rhythms presents with a "saw-tooth" pattern | a flutter |
| what is manufactured in the islets of langerhans? | hormones such as insulin, glucagon and somatostatin |
| what does insulin do? | facilitates the movement of glucagon in the blood to the liver to store in glycogen and create energy for cells |
| what does glucagon do? | stimulates liver to convert glycogen back to glucose during times of fasting or inadequate food consumption |
| What is Muscular Dystrophy? | hereditary disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting of muscle tissue and gradual degeneration of muscle fibers |
| diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is found in what type of diabetic? | type 1 |
| hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is found in what type of diabetic? | type 2 |
| what is osmotic diuresis? | kidneys begin to secrete sugar in urine |
| what does polyuria mean? | large amount of urine |
| what are ketones? | can be excreted via exhalation or urine, have a fruity smell, happens when DKA patient's cells turn fat into fuel instead of glucose |
| what is the difference between DKA and HHS? | HHS lacks ketones |
| What is Multiple Sclerosis? | autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system |
| what is the pathophysiology for multiple sclerosis? | repeated inflammation of the myelin sheath surrounding nerves leads to scar tissues blocking nerve impulses |
| what does polydipsia mean? | excessive thirst |
| what does polyuria mean? | frequent urination |
| what are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia? | polydipsia, vomiting, polyuria, hot and dry skin, Kussmaul respirations and full, bounding pulses |
| signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia | extreme hunger, rapid onset, cool, pale and diaphoretic skin, weak and thready pulse |
| What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome? | autoimmune response to viral infection characterized by muscle weakness that leads to paralysis |
| What is considered the most lethal type of MI? | anterior |
| What is Parkinson’s Disease? | degenerative nervous disease characterized by tremors, muscular weakness and rigidity |
| A low level of what is the main cause of Parkinson’s Disease? | dopamine |
| If the stroke volume decreased, which would occur to maintain the blood pressure at its current value? | Increased heart rate and increased peripheral vascular resistance |
| Which of the following is the purpose of lung surfactant? | Decrease the surface tension of water in the alveoli |
| The dorsal roots of the spinal cord contain afferent fibers that transmit impulses from ________ to ________. | Sensory nerves, central nervous system |
| Cushing's syndrome is a disorder of the: | Adrenal Glands |
| You have administered glucagon to a diabetic patient. Which of the following should occur? | Glycogenolysis, resulting in an increased blood glucose level. |
| What is the correct initial dose of Amiodarone for an adult patient found in V-Tach with a pulse? | 150mg IV slow over 10 minutes |
| statements about hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNK) is true | Aside from managing the ABCs, prehospital management is primarily aimed at correcting dehydration. |
| A finding of exophthalmos and goiter should increase your suspicion for a problem with the: | thyroid gland |
| In response to an increase in blood sugar, the pancreas will release insulin to: | Allow the glucose to permeate the cell membrane |
| An increased hydrogen ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid results in a(n) ________ ventilation rate. | increase |
| The first dose of Diltiazem for the treatment of A-Fib with RVR in an adult patient is: | 0.25mg |
| what does lead I, aVL, V5 and V6 look at? | left lateral |
| what part of the heart does lead II, III and aVF look at? | inferior wall |
| what part of the heart does V3 and V4 look at? | anterior wall |
| The majority of carbon dioxide that is made by our cells during metabolism is transported in the blood and to the alveoli: | bicarbonate ions |
| Your diabetic patient asks you why diabetics need to take insulin. Which of the following answers is most accurate? | "Insulin helps glucose enter the cells of the body so it can be used for energy." |
| Airway resistance is increased by: | bronchospasms |
| A type II diabetic with a blood glucose of 24 mg/dL would most likely be unconscious due to: | Cerebral Hypoglycemia |
| Which of the following endocrine substances acts as a marker for congestive heart failure? | BNP |
| The posterior pituitary produces which two hormones? | ADH & Oxytocin |
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dmurphy4689
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