Psych 367 M1
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| Absolute threshold | smallest stimulus level that can just be detected
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| Action | motor activities in response to the stimulus
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| Bottom-up processing (data-based processing) | processing that is based on the stimuli reaching the receptor
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| Categorize | to place objects into categories
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| Cerebral cortex | 2-mm-thick layer that contains the machinery for creating perceptions
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| Classical psychophysical methods | the method of limits, the method of constant stimuli, and the method of adjustment
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| Difference threshold | the smallest difference between two stimuli that enables us to tell the difference between them
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| Distal stimulus | out there in the environment
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| Frontal lobe | receives signals from all of the senses, plays an important role in perceptions that involve the coordination of information received through two or more senses
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| Grating acuity | thee smallest width of lines that participants can detect
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| Knowledge | any information that the perceiver brings to a situation, such as prior experience or expectations
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| Magnitude estimation | measuring judgements of sensory stimuli in a mathematical way (bright, dim; big, small)
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| Method of adjustment | adjusts the stimulus intensity continuously until he or she can just barely detect the stimulus
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| Method of constant stimuli | different stimulus intensities are presented one at a time, and the participant must respond whether they perceive it (“yes” or “no”) on each trial
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| Method of limits | stimuli are presented in a graduated scale, and participants must judge whether they detected the stimulus or not
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| Neural processing | changes in signals that occur as they are transmitted through the brain
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| Oblique effect | that people see vertical or horizontal lines better than lines oriented obliquely
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| Occipital lobe | primary receiving area for vision
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| Parietal lobe | area for the skin senses—touch, temperature, and pain
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| Perceived magnitude | number for “loudness”
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| Perception | experience that results from the stimulation of the senses
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| Perceptual process | journey from stimuli to responses
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| Phenomenological report | Describing what is out there
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| Physiology–behavior relationship | relates physiological responses and behavioral responses
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| Primary receiving area | the lobe of the brain for each type of sensation
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| Principle of representation | everything a person perceives is based not on direct contact with stimuli but on representations of stimuli that are formed on the receptors and the resulting activity in the person’s nervous system.
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| Principle of transformation | stimuli and responses created by stimuli are transformed, or changed, between the distal stimulus and perception.
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| Proximal stimulus | representation of the distal stimulus on the receptors (electron, photons, vibrations)
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| Psychophysics | measures the relationships between the physical (the stimulus) and the psychological (the behavioral response)
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| Rat–man demonstration | the image that you either interpret as a rat or a man depending on what you were primed for
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| Reaction time | speed with which we react to something
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| Recognition | placing an object in a category
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| Sensation | the stimulation of the sensory organs/ receptors
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| Sensory receptors | neurons specialized to respond to environmental stimuli
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| Stimulus–behavior relationship | relates stimuli to behavioral responses, such as perception, recognition, and action
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| Stimulus–physiology relationship | relationship between stimuli (Steps 1–2) and physiological responses
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| Temporal lobe | hearing
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| Thresholds | measure the limits of sensory systems; they are measures of minimums
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| Top-down processing (knowledge based processing) | processing that is based on knowledge
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| Transduction | transformation of environmental energy (such as light, sound, or thermal energy) to electrical energy
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| Visual form agnosia | an inability to recognize objects
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| Action potential | predictable rise and fall of the charge inside the axon relative to the outside
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| Axon | conducts electrical signals (long)
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| Brain imaging | recording brain responses in neurologically normal humans
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| Broca’s area | speech production area
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| Cell body | provides for cell
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| Dendrites | receive signals from other cells. Connected to cell body
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| Depolarization | increase in positive charge inside the neuron (-70 to +40)
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| Distributed representation | brain represents information in patterns distributed across the cortex, rather than in one single brain area
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| Excitatory response | when the neuron becomes depolarized, and thus the inside of the neuron becomes more positive
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| Falling phase of the action potential | +40 mV back to –70
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| Functional connectivity | neural activity associated with a particular function that is flowing through this structural network
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| Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | 3D scan of brian using the oxygen polarity in brain according to concentration
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| Grandmother cell | neuron in your brain that fires only in response to one person
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| Hyperpolarization | increase in negative charge inside the neuron
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| Inhibitory response | when the charge inside the axon becomes more negative so that firing is harder
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| Ions | molecules that carry an electrical charge
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| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | 2D image of brain according to oxygen polarity and concentration
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| Mind–body problem | How do physical processes like nerve impulses (the body part of the problem) become transformed into the richness of perceptual experience (the mind part of the problem)?
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| Modularity | specific brain areas are specialized to respond to specific types of stimuli or functions
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| Module | each specific area in modularity theory
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| Nerve fiber | axon
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| Neurons | cells specialized to carry electrical signals
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| Neuropsychology | the study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans
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| Neurotransmitters | chemical messengers
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| Permeability | This opening of sodium channels
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| Phrenology | mental faculties that could be mapped onto different brain areas based on the bumps and contours on the person’s skull
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| Population coding | our experiences are represented by the pattern of firing across a large number of neurons
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| Propagated response | once the response is triggered, it travels all the way down the axon without decreasing in size.
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| Receptor sites | small areas on the receiving neuron
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| Refractory period | the interval between the time one nerve impulse occurs and the next one can be generated in the axon
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| Resting potential | -70 mV
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| Resting-state fMRI | record fMRI when the brain is not involved in a specific task
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| Resting-state functional connectivity |
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| Rising phase of the action potential | quick and steep depolarization from –70 mV to +40 mV during an action potential
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| Seed location | brain location associated with carrying out a specific task
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| Sensory coding | how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment
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| Sparse coding | particular stimulus is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons
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| Specificity coding | specialized neuron that responds only to one concept or stimulus
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| Spontaneous activity | Action potentials that occur in the absence of stimuli from the environment
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| Structural connectivity | “road map” of fibers connecting different areas of the brain
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| Synapse | small space between axon and dendrite
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| Task-related fMRI | fMRI measured as a person is engaged in a specific task
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| Test location | measure the resting-state fMRI at another location
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| Wernicke’s area | understanding speech
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| Absorption spectrum | plot of the amount of light absorbed versus the wavelength of the light
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| Accommodation | change in the lens’s shape that occurs when the ciliary muscles at the front of the eye tighten and increase the curvature of the lens so that it gets thicker
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| Amacrine cells | lateral inhibition
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| Axial myopia | eyeball is too long
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| Bipolar cells |
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| Blind spot | the spot where you optic nerve concerts to eye ball
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| Center-surround antagonism | antagonistic interactions between center and surround regions of the receptive fields of photoreceptor cells in the retina.
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| Center-surround receptive field |
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| Chevreul illusion | how placing colors side by side could alter their appearance
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| Cone spectral sensitivity |
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| Cones | color
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| Convergence | when a number of neurons synapse onto a single neuron
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| Cornea | film on eye
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| Dark adaptation | when our rods are activated and become sensitive to low light environments
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| Dark adaptation curve (p. 46) |
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| Dark-adapted sensitivity | sensitivity at the end of dark adaptation
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| Detached retina | when a person’s retina becomes detached from the pigment epithelium, a layer that contains enzymes necessary for pigment regeneration
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| Edge enhancement | an increase in perceived contrast at borders between regions of the visual field
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| Excitatory area | presenting a spot of light increases firing
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| Excitatory-center, inhibitory-surround receptive field (p. 56) |
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| Eyes (p. 40) |
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| Farsightedness/ hyperopia | can see distant objects clearly but have trouble seeing nearby objects
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| Fovea | contains only cones
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| Ganglion cells | output neurons that encode and transmit information from the eye to the brain
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| Horizontal cells | GABAergic interneurons that receive information from cones and rods
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| Inhibitory area | presenting a spot of light decreases firing
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| Inhibitory-center, excitatory-surround receptive field (p. 56) |
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| Isomerization | activates thousands of charged molecules to create electrical signals in receptors
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| Lateral inhibition | inhibition that is transmitted across the retina (laterally)
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| Lens | the blob that does the focusing. The thing that doesn't work in my eye
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| Light-adapted sensitivity | sensitivity measured in the light
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| Mach bands | Light and dark bands created at fuzzy borders
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| Macular degeneration | destroys the cone-rich fovea and a small area that surrounds it
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| Monochromatic light | Light of a single wavelength
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| Myopia/ Nearsightedness | an inability to see distant objects clearly
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| Neural circuits | interconnected groups of neuron
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| Neural convergence | when a number of neurons synapse onto a single neuron
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| Ommatidia | large structures inside the horseshoe crabs eyes that made it easy to study lateral inhibition
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| Optic nerve | nerve that goes from eye to brain
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| Outer segments | part of the receptor that contains light-sensitive chemicals called visual pigments
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| Peripheral retina | there are about 120 million rods and only 6 million cones in the retina
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| Photoreceptors | cells in eye that can detect light
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| Preferential looking technique |
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| Presbyopia | hardening of the lens and weakening of the ciliary muscles
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| Pupil | pretty muscle
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| Purkinje shift | as intensity dims, the rods take over, and before color disappears completely, it shifts towards the rods' top sensitivity.
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| Receptive field | the region of the retina that must receive illumination in order to obtain a response in any given fiber
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| Refractive errors | f errors that can affect the ability of the cornea and/or lens to focus the visual input onto the retina
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| Refractive myopia | cornea and/or the lens bends the light too much
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| Retina (p. 40) |
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| Retinitis pigmentosa | genetic disorder that results in total blindness
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| Rod monochromats | no cones because of a rare genetic defect
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| Rod–cone break | The place where the rods begin to determine the dark adaptation curve instead of the cones
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| Rod spectral sensitivity curve | measuring sensitivity after the eye is dark adapted
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| Rods | dark vision
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| Spectral sensitivity | rods are more sensitive to short-wavelength light than are the cones
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| Spectral sensitivity curve (p. 49) |
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| Transduction | transformation of environmental energy (such as light, sound, or thermal energy) to electrical energy
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| Visual acuity | ability to see detail (better in cones)
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| Visual evoked potential |
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| Visual pigment bleaching | change in shape and separation from the opsin causes the photoreceptor molecule to become lighter in color
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| Visual pigment regeneration | the retinal needs to return to its bent shape and become reattached to the opsin reforming the visual pigment molecule
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| Visual pigments | part of the receptor that contains light-sensitive chemicals
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