Sensation and Perception
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| Sensation | Sensory receptors and nervous system receive/represent stimulus energies from our environment
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| Sensory receptors | Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
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| Perception | -Brain organizes/interprets sensory info
-Enables us to recognize objects and events as meaningful
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| What type of processing is sensation? | Bottom up
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| What type of processing is perception? | Top down
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| Bottom up processing | -info processing that begins with sensory receptors and works up to brains integration of sensory information
-brain detects lines, angles, colors that form images
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| Top down processing | -info processing guided by higher level mental processes
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| Transduction | -Conversion of one form of energy to another
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| What is transduction in sensation? | Transforming of physical energy into neutral impulses our brain can interpret
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| What are the steps of transduction? // real super snakes take silly images not interesting digital images to brag | Receive sensory stimulation, transform stimulation into neural impulse, deliver info to brain
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| Absolute threshold | Minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
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| How is absolute threshold tested? | Ear sound test
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| Who studied the absolute threshold? | German Gustav Fechner
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| Subliminal | Stimuli not heard; below absolute threshold
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| Difference threshold | Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (just noticeable difference)
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| Weber's Law | To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
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| Sensory adaptation | Diminished sensitivity as a consequence if constant stimulation
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| Perceptual set | Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
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| What affects perception? | Context, motivation, and emotion
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| Mechanoreceptors | Respond to pressure, roughness, and vibrations
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| Where are mechanoreceptors found? | In skin for touch, in inner ear for hearing/balance
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| Thermoreceptors | Respond to variations in temperature
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| Where are thermoreceptors found? | In skin to detect temperature
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| Photoreceptors | Detect/respond to light
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| Where are photoreceptors found? | Found in eyes for vision
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| Chemoreceptors | Respond to chemicals
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| Where are chemoreceptors found? | Found in tongue for taste, nasal for smell
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| Nociceptors | Respond to pain
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| Where are nociceptors found? | Organs and on body
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| What does the visual pathway consist of? Real narwhals cant take less great books to read very charismatically | Retina, optic nerves, optic chasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate bodies of thalamus, optic radiations, and visual cortex
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| Rods | -scotopic vision
-retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey
-Sensitive to movement
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| What are rods necessary to? | Peripheral and twilight vision when cones don't respond
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| Cones | -photopic vision
-Retinal receptors near center
-Function in daylight and well lit areas
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| What do cones detect? | Fine detail and give rise to color sensations
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| Optic nerve | Carries neural impulse from eye to brain
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| Light pathway steps // last rowdy rally Tuesday really cut them callously can't touch on neck | Light reaches retina, travels to rods/cones, triggers chemical changes, thalamus, optic nerve
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| Fovea | Central focal point in retina where eye cones cluster
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| Form perception | Figure and ground, grouping
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| Figure ground | -Form of grouping
-Gestalt vs details
-organization of visual field into objects (figure) that stand out from surroundings (ground)
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| Grouping | Perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
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| Depth perception | Ability to see objects in three dimension, allows distance judgement
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| How is depth perception tested? | Visual cliff
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| Motion perception | Ability to see motion
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| Perceptual constancy | Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal change
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| Color constancy | Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color
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| Brightness constancy | Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent brightness
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| Shape constancy | Perceiving form of objects as constant
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| Size constancy | Objects perceived as constant size
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| Perceptual grouping | Proximity, continuity, figure ground closure
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| Proximity | Group nearby figures together
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| Continuity | Smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous
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| Closure | Filling in gaps to make whole objects
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| Proprioception | Sense that lets us perceive location, movement, and action of body parts
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| What is there a neurological link between? | Smell and memory
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| Smell pathway steps // sea turtles hurt | Scent, thalamus, hippocampus
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| Somatosensory cortex large areas | Hands, lips, tongue
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| What is the name of the figure that represents where nerves lie? | Homunculus
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| Auditory pathway // Common narwhals smell out nice interesting clownfish more greatly particularly at a closing count | Cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, medical geniculate, primary auditory area of cerebral cortex
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