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| Emotions include three components | Associated with distinct subjective feelings or affects
Accompanied by bodily changes, mostly in the nervous system
Accompanied by distinct action tendencies, or increases in probabilities of certain behaviors
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| Emotional states | Transitory, depend more on the situation than on a specific person
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| Emotional traits | Pattern of emotional reactions that a person consistently experiences across a variety of life situations
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| Categorical approach to emotions | Focus on identifying a small number of primary and distinct emotions
Lack of consensus about regarding which emotions are primary
Lack of consensus is attributable to different criteria used for defining an emotion as primary
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| Dimensional approach to emotions | Based on empirical research rather than theoretical criteria
People rate themselves on a variety of emotions, then the researcher applies statistical techniques to identify dimensions underlying ratings
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| Content of emotional life | Pleasant emotions: Happiness and life satisfaction
Researchers have defined happiness in two complimentary ways:
(1) Judgement that life is satisfying
(2) Predominance of positive relative to negative emotions
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| What we know about happy people | no age or sex differences. National differences- poorer countries are less happy, countries with citizens that have fewer rights are less happy, diff. in economic development. High extraversion and low neuroticism contr. more than sex,age,demographics
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| Indirect model of personality and well-being | Personality causes a person to create a certain lifestyle, and lifestyle causes emotion reactions
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| Direct model | personality causes emotional reactions
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| Research by Larsen et al. to assess the direct model | Best predictor of responsiveness to positive mood induction is extraversion
Best predictor of responsiveness to negative mood induction is neuroticism
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| Eysenck’s biological theory | Neuroticism is due to the tendency of the limbic system in the brain to become easily activated. Limbic system is responsible for emotion and for “fight-flight” reaction. No direct tests for this theory but, neuroticism is highly stable overtime
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| Cognitive theories | Neuroticism is caused by styles of information processing—preferential processing of negative (but not positive) information about the self (not about others)
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| Diathesis-stress model | Stressful life event triggers depression among those with pre-existing vulnerability, or diathesis
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| Beck’s cognitive theory | Certain cognitive style is a pre-existing condition that makes people vulnerable to depression. Vulnerability lies in the particular cognitive schema, a way of looking at world.
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| Explanatory style | Depressed people maintain an internal, stable, and global explanatory style—Pessimistic explanatory style
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| Type A personality and heart disease | Syndrome or a cluster of traits, including achievement strivings, impatience, competitiveness, hostility. Type A is a predictor of heart dis.
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| Hostility | Tendency to respond to everyday frustrations with anger and aggression, to become easily irritated, to act in a rude, critical, antagonistic, uncooperative manner in everyday interaction
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| High affect intensity emotional style | people experience emotions strongly and are emotionally reactive and variable
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| low affect intensity emotional style | people experience emotions only mildly and only gradual fluctuations and minor reactions
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| Affect Intensity Measure (AIM) | Questionnaire measure that allows quick assessment of emotional style in terms of intensity
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| Research findings on affect intensity | High affect intensity ppl display greater mood variability or more frequent fluctuations in emotional life over time
Affect intensity relates to pers. dimensions of high activity level, sociability, arousability, high extraversion, high neuroticism
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| Hedonic balance and affect intensity | are unrelated to each other and interact to produce specific types of emotional lives that characterize different personalities.
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| Interaction of Content and Style in Emotional Life | Positive hedonic balance, low affect intensity
Positive hedonic balance, high affect intensity
Negative hedonic balance, low affect intensity
Negative hedonic balance, high affect intensity
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