dnna prtoeins and sh
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| dna | Deoxyribonucleic acid - a molecule in the nucleus of a cell that determines the type of proteins a cell makes
A chemical code that produces proteins i.e. Enzymes that determine the structure of cells & the way it functions
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| Nucleic acid | an organic storage molecule containing many nucleotides in a chain
Dna ( + rna, atp/adp) are all types of nucleic acids
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| Nucleotides | the base unit (monomer) of all nucleic acids
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| found vague makeup | Found in both the nucleus & mitochondria
Dna is made up of nucleotides
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| DNA monomer structure | A phosphate group
A sugar
nitrogenous bases
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| nitrogenous bases | Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
AT 2 hydrogen bonds
CG 3 hydrogen bonds
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| nucleotide combined structure | form the basis of a ladder-like molecule
sugar/phosphate - upright
Joined base pairs - rungs
That twist up to form a double helix structure
5' 3' (prime)
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| size & storage | 2-3 metres & width of only 2 millionths of a mm
extremely long, so in order to store them in the nucleus, dna strands are tightly bound around special proteins
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| Histone | a special protein around which dna is tiightly coiled to form chromatin
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| Chromatin | a tangled network of dna & histones
nondividing cell
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| Chromosome | structure which carries dna/ggne information in the form of genes
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| Chromatid | one of the 2 identical halves of a chromosome
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| Centromere | link between a pair of sister chromatids
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| Mitochondrial dna (mtDNA) | located in the mitochondria
mtDNA is in the form of small circular molecules that are not bound to prooteeins
~5-10 molecules per mitochondria
mtDNA has 37 genes essential for mitochondria to function normally
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| mDNA genes | 24 genes code for making of transfer RNA, involved in protein synthesis
13 genes have instruction food making enzymes, needed for cellular respiration
(37)
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| The structure & function of each individual cell is depend on | the suite of proteins produced within it.
Proteins provide the essential link between coded instructions in the DNA called the genotype and the functioning cell
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| Genotype | genetic constitution of an individual
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| Phenotype | the physical appearance of an individual as determined by their genetic constitution/ its protein expression
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| Gene | a section of a chromosome that codes for making a protein
genes on a chromosome range from ~200-2000 genes
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| difference between 1 gene & the next | Order of bases along the DNA
Number of bases in that section
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| gene code | order of the bases along the DNA strand
(contains instructions) for the production of a specific protein. These proteins create the structure & perform the actions needed for the cells to survive, grow & function
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