CHM 1111 Terms
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| chemistry | the science that describes matter, it's prooperties, it's physical changes and it's energy changes that accompany it.
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| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space
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| inanimate matter | non-living matter
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| animate matter | living matter
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| energy | the capacity to do work or transfer heat
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| scientific law | a general statement based on the observation of matter to which no know exceptions exist
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| law of conservation of mass | mass is always conserved, it is neither lost or gained, chemical reactions do not add or lose mass
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| law of conservation of energy | energy can not be created or lost in a reaction or change, it only changes from one form to another
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| law of conservation of matter and energy | the combined amount of matter and energy available in the universe is fixed
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| element | composed of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms
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| atom | the smallest part of an element that maintains the chemical identity of the element through all changes
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| fundemental parts of an atom | electrons, protons and neutrons
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| molecule | the smallest part of an element or compound that can have a stable existence
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| polyatomic | molecules that contain 2 or more atoms
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| compounds | made up of atoms of more than one element
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| solids | a state of matter that is rigid and has definite structure, molecules are tightly arranged in a matrix, volume does not change much with heat
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| liquids | a state of matter where the molecules are randomly oriented, takes the shape of a container, is very hard to compress because the molecules are close together
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| gas | a state of matter where molecules are arranged far apart, is capable of infinite expansion, easily compressed and fills a container completely
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| extensive properties | properties that depend on the quantity, volume or mass
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| intensive properties | properties that do not depend on the quantity, eg. melting point is always the same no matter how much you have
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| substances | matter in which all samples have identical composition
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| mixtures | two or more substances combined in which each reatins its own composistion and properties
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| homogeneous mixture | a mixture that has uniform properties throughout
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| heterogeneous mixture | a mixture that is not uniform throughout
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| compounds | substances composed of two or more elements in a definite ratio and can be decomposed into it constituant elements
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| law of definite proportions (or constant composition) | different samples of any pure compound always contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass
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| SI units | system international units
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| mass | the measure of the quantity of matter in a body regardless of gravity
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| weight | measure of the gravitational attraction of a body
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| accuracy | how closely measured values agree with the correct value
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| precision | how closely individual measurements agree with each another
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| temperature | a measure of intensity of heat
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| specific gravity | the ratio of the density of a sunstance compared to the desity of water at the same temperature
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| specific heat | the amount of heat required to raise 1g of a substance 1 degree in Celsius
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| Calorie (cal) | exactly 4.184 joules (J) Origionally defined at the amount of heat required to raise the temp. of 1g of water from 14.5 deg C to 15.5 deg C
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| endothermic | a process that absorbs heat
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| exothermic | a process that releases heat
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| heat | a form of energy that flows between two samples of matter because of their difference in temperature
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| heat capacity | the amount of heat required to raise a body one degree in celsius
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| Joule (J) | unit of energy in the SI system. equals 1kg * m^2/s^2 which is 0.2390 cal
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| kinetic energy | energy that matter pocesses by virtue of its motion
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| potential energy | energy that matter pocesses by virtue of its position, condition or composition
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| chemical formula | a combination of element symbols that indicate the chemical composition of a substance
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| composition stoichiometry | describes the quantitative (mass) relationships among elements in compounds
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| allotropes | different forms of the same element in the same physical state
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| anhydrous | without water
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| anion | ion with negative charge
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| cation | ion with positive charge
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| atomic mass unit (amu) | one twelfth of the mass of carbon-12, a umit stating atomic and formula weights
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| avagardos number | 6.022 X 10^23 units
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| ion | an atom or group of atoms that carries a charge
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| mole | 6.022 X 10^23 formula units of a substance. The mass in grams of one mole is equal to the formula weight of a substance
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