human biology
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| digestive system- GI tube | mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,rectum, anus.
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| digestive system- accessory organs | teeth, mandible, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas.
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| the mouth | Teeth chew food; tongue tastes and pushes food for chewing and swallowing
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| Pharynx | passageway where food is swallowed
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| the stomach | secrets acid and digestive enzynes for protein; churns, mixing food with secretions and sends chyme to small intestine
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| large intestine | absorbs water and salt to form feces
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| rectum | stores and regulates elimination of feces
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| salivary glands | secrete saliva: contains digestive enzymes for carbohydrates
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| liver | major metabolic organ: processes and stores nutrients `
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| pancreas | procures pancreatic juice:contains digestive enzymes, and sends it to the small intestine produces insulin and secrets into the blood after eating.
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| osmolality | the total solute concentration in a given solution. isosmotic, hyposmotic, hyperosmotic.
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| hypertonic | a solution with a high osmotic pressure
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| hypotonic | a solution with low osmotic pressure
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| isotonic | equal osmotic pressure- no net water movement will occur if a cell is placed in this solution.
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| nephrons | makes urine by filtering the blood of its small molecules and ions, reclaims useful materials and releases surplus or waste out as urine.
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| collecting tubule | it leads to the pelvis of the kidney form where the urine flows to the bladder and, periodically, on to the outside world
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| how do the kidneys maintain homeostais | excrete wastes, regulates blood volume and pressure, regulates pH, assistance to other system.
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| osmosis | Osmosisī diffusion of water across a membrane from a more dilute solution (low solute concentration) to a less dilute solution (high solute concentration)
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| glomerulus | blood enters under pressure
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| after Blood enters the glomerulus under pressur, small molecules and ions to filter through the capillary walls into | Bowman's capsule.
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| ADH- anthidiuertic hormone | Causes wall of collecting ducts to be more permeable to water so more water is reabsorbed.
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| Atrial natriuretic hormone | secreted by right atrium of heart in response to increased blood volume promotes excretion of salt and water into the urine
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| Function of the lungs | is gas exchange with the blood.
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| breathing | moving air in/out of lungs
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| External respiration: | in the lungs exchange of gas into the blood
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| internal respiration | exchange of O2 BETWEEN BLOOD AND CELLS
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| the respiratory system | mouth/nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,bronchus, brachioles, aveoli
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| mouth/nose | how air enters and leaves your system
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| pharynx | connects nose to the larynx
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| larynx | your voice box, it connects your pharynx to your trachea
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| trachea | your windpipe, it connects your larynx to your bronchus
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| bronchua | the main tubes that runs from the trachea the brochioles. the two tubes that divide to your left and right lung
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| brochioles | smaller tubes made of smooth muscles that divide into many tubes
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| aveoli | where gas exchange takes place. air sacs in the lungs covered in blood vessels
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| inhaling | is active and need muscular contractions. rib cage rises, diaphragm goes down.
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| exhaling | is passive and happens when muscles relax., rib cage descends, diaphragm goes up.
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| Larynx--> | mouth, throat (pharynx), trachea
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| Lungs--> | bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
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| Epiglottis | acts like a door- sits on top of the voice box. Opens up when eatin putting pressure on the breathing .
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| gametes | sex cells
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| fertilization | the combination of a female and male gametes
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| zygote | a fertilized egg
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| embryology | the study of developing embryos
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| development | a series of events that give rise to full grown organism
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| embryo | a multicellular organism in the early stage of development
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| differentiation | a series of changes that transfer unspecialized embryonic cells into specialized tissues, and organs.
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| cleavage | series of cell division by the zygote
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| morula | first stage of development. solid balls of cells undergoing cleavage
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| blastula | second stage of development
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| gastrula | the third stage of development. In this stage, cells on one side of the blastula move inward and form a multi-layered embryo with three germ layers.
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| germ layers | Three distinct tissue layers that form during gastrulation. The three major germ layers are the endoderm, mesoderm and exoderm.
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| aorta | the main artery in the body, caries blood form the left ventricle to the systematic circulation
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| artery | a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
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| atria | a chamber that receives blood that is returning within the lungs
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| bronchiole | a small air passage that branches form the bronchi within the lungs
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| capillary | a tiny blood vessel that allows an exchanged between blood and cells in tissues
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| pulmonary circulation | in animals, respiration through the lungs
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| systemic circulation | the movement of blood from the heart to the heart
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| vein | in animals, a vessel that carries blood to the heart
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| ventricles | one of the two large muscular chambers that pump blood out of the hear
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