Mr. Sinn
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| Broca's Area | an area of in the left FRONTAL lobe that is associated with the ability to SPEAK; discovered by Paul Broca
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| Broca's Aphasia | the inability to SPEAK after damage to this area
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| Wernicke's Area | an area in the left TEMPORAL lobe that is associated with INTERPRETING and CREATING language
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| Wernicke's Aphasia | the inability to UNDERSTANd sounds and CREATE meaningful speech after damage to this area
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| Pons | a bundle of nerves that help with voluntary movements and sleep/dreams; P (ons) illow on top of the B (rain stem) ed
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| Brain Stem | includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum; mainly controls automatic functions
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| Reticular Formation | a network of nerves from the midbrain to brain stem; mostly involved with arousal, alertness, and sleep-wake cycles
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| Cerebrum | 85% of the brain including all 4 lobes and the cerebral cortex
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| Cerebral Cortex | outer layer of the brain that is a 1/4 inch thick; carries out higher cognitive functions
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| Hippocampus | Creates Conscious memories and enables learning
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| Hypothalamus | controls the pituitary gland and basic drives
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| Basal Ganglia | neuron cell bodies that are involved with voluntary movement
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| Frontal Lobe | higher order thinking; includes prefrontal and motor cortex
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| Prefrontal Cortex | aids in judgement and memory; continues to grow into 20s
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| Parietal Lobes | receives sensory information; includes somatosensory cortex
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| Visual Cortex | receives and sends visual input
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| Temporal Lobes | involved with hearing and memory function
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| Brain Lateralization | explains why the right or left side of the brain often controls the opposite side
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| EEG | records electrical activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp; often used for sleep and seizure research
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| CT | a series of X-Rays that produce detailed images of the body; uses a little radiation
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| PET | uses radioactive glucose to evaluate brain activity to evaluate brain activity and blood flow
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| MRI | uses magnetic impulses to create detailed images of the body
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| fMRI | uses a MRI machine to measure brain activity by blood and O2 flow; pictures are taken from various angles
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| Neuroplasticity | the brain's ability to adapt to changes
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| Neurogenesis | the process of forming new neurons
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| Pineal Gland | secretes melatonin
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| Restoration Theory | looks at how our bodies get tired from daily activities and depletes our energy
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| Frequency | # of waves per second; a sounds highness or lowness
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| Beta Waves | low altitude waves that occur when AWAKE and alert; fast
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| Alpha Waves | occur when awake but relaxed and/or unfocused; medium tempo
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| Theta Waves | occur when relaxed and focused, maybe daydreaming; slow and random
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| Delta Waves | low frequency waves that occur during DEEP sleep; stage NREM-3
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| Sleep Spindles | low amplitude and fast brain waves that occur during STAGE 2
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| REM | sleep stage when dreams occur as well as sleep paralysis; beta waves are seen as if awake
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| Activation-Synthesis Model | hypothesis that states dreams are a result of our brain making sense of random neural activity
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| Cognitive Development Theory | hypothesis that states dreams are reflecting our interests and show the development of our imagination and thinking
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| Activation Theory | a hypothesis that states dreams are a result of activating specific parts of the brain
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| Physiological Function of Dreams | a hypothesis that states dreams are necessary because the brain needs periodic stimulation to grow and maintain neural pathways
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| Night Terrors | sudden awakening throughout the night in a fit of fear or panic that may include screaming, rapid <3 rate, and sweating
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| Sensations | raw sensory data
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| Perceptions | how we interpret information/sensory data
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| Relative Size | states the size of an object changes with distance; smaller object-farther away
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| Relative Height | states objects seen above the horizon are farther away
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| Absolute Threshold | the minimum stimulation needed in order for sensation to be felt
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| Signal Detection Theory | the ability to perceive stimulation @ or near the threshold
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| Habituation | when a stimulus is repeated, its effectiveness is reduced
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| Difference Threshold | the amount of change needed between two stimuli to be perceived by an individual
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| Weber's Law | the principle that in order to perceive two stimuli as different, they must differ by a constant PERCENTAGE
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| Perceptual Set | when you are temporarily ready to receive certain objects over others
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| Schema | a collection of basic knowledge that guides the perception of a situation
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| Conjunctiva | the thin layer of mucus membrane that covers the outer eye and inside of the eyelid for protection
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| Retina | the surface on the back of the eye that is sensitive to light containing both rods and cones
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| Fovea | a small depression in the retina containing cones
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| Opponent-Processing Theory | states there are specific processes that inhibit one color, simulating the opposite
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| Tympanic Membrane/Eardrum | converts sound waves into vibrations
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| Cochlea | houses hearing receptors
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| Place Theory | the placement of hairs on different areas of the basilar membrane alter PITCH; place=pitch
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| Semi-Circular Canals | fluid-filled canals that enable balance and body movement
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| Papillae | taste buds
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| Kinesthesis | allows us to control our movement through sensory receptors in our muscles and joints
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| Nocireceptors | pain receptors
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| Proprioceptors | sensory receptors
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| Acquisition | the process of obtaining a new behavior
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| Law of Effect | a general principle that depending on whether a behavior is rewarded or punished, future behavior can be predicted
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| Semantic Memory | memory that allows for cognitive processes and contains general knowledge and information
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| Episodic Memory | memory of personal past experiences
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| Parallel Processing | when two or more separate operation are happening @ the same time but functioning independently
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| Elaborative Encoding | processing information by connecting it to previously learned information
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| Semantic Encoding | processing information by focusing on its meaning; most effective
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| Tactile | touch
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| Rote Rehearsal | simply repeating information without assessing its deeper meaning
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| Encoding Specificity Principle | the idea that it's easier to retrieve a memory if you're in the same environment the memory was made in
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| Proactive Interference | the hindrance of newly learned information because old information is in the way
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| Retroactive Interference | when previously learned information is hard to remember because of new learning
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| Anterograde Amnesia | when a person is unable to learn new information information
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| Retrograde Amnesia | when a person is unable to remember previously learned information
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| Glutamate | excitatory; helps with strengthening synaptic connections
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| Acetylcholine | enables muscle action, learning, and memory
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| Long Term Potentiation | when a synaptic transmission is enhanced by repeated stimulation of the same connection, strengthening memory formation
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| Prototypes | specific things that best represent a category
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| Heuristics | a problem-solving strategy using past experiences to guide thinking
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| Informal Reasoning | quick thinking; uses tricks or short cuts to speed up thinking process
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| Formal Reasoning | following a system of sequences to come to a conclusion; slow
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| Metacognition | awareness of your own cognitive processes
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| Anchoring Bias | the tendency to think that an answer must be closer to a starting value that was given; skews answer
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| General Intelligence (g) | if intelligence in one are, intelligent in other areas as well
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| Reliability | when test scores remain stable; test-retest
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| Validity | when a test tests what it claims to be testing
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| Phonemes | sounds used in speech that cannot be broken down
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| Morphemes | a unit of meaning that cannot be broken down
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| Deep Structure Semantics | the underlying meaning of a structure
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| Assimilation | putting new information into schemas
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| Accomodation | changing a schema you already have to fit new information
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| Scaffolding | an instructional strategy to guide learners, supporting them to learn information previously outside of their grasp
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| Personal Fable | the feeling that occurs during adolescents that makes one feel special or at the center of attention
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| Sensorimotor Dev. Stage | when motor skills and object permanence develop; ages 0-2
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| Preoperational Dev. Stage | children are egocentric and gain language ability; ages 2-7
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| Concrete Operational Dev. Stage | logical thinking develops and begin to consider others perspectives; ages 7-12
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| Formal Operational Dev. Stage | complex thinking and moral reasoning; ages 12+
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| Identity Foreclosure | set identity without considering other options
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| Identity Diffusion | no set identity and no interest to find one
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| Identity Moratorium | no set identity but considering one
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| Identity Achievement | after consider multiple option, finding a set identity
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| Trust vs Mistrust | babies seek basic need to form secure attachments
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| Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt | children seek independence which build confidence
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| Initiative vs Guilt | children seek more independence and social interaction
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| Industry vs Inferiority | schooling time; children compare themselves to others
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| Identity vs Role Confusion | social environment is very important; children seek friend and exhibit conformity; many seek to find themself
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| Intimacy vs Isolation | people seek partnership and/or commitment to something (job)
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| Generativity vs Stagnation | may involve parenting or guide the next generation; people look for there purpose
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| Integrity vs Despair | depends on previous stages; people reflect on their life in hopes or no regrets, if not they may struggle with the thought of death
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| ID | impulsive, drives
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| Superego | moral conscious
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| Ego | realistic, mediates between the other parts of the mind
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| Cognitive Dissonance | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
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| Approach-Approach Conflict | an intrapersonal conflict when a decision is to be made from two appealing choices
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| Approach-Avoidance Conflict | occurs when an individual is faced with a decision to pursue or avoid something that has advantages and disadvantages
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| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict | when an individual avoids making a decision because they do not like either of the choices available to them
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| Group Polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclination through discussion within a group
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| Fundamental Attribution Error | the tendency for observers when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal deposition
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| Representative Heuristic | solving problems with the help of a stereotype
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| Availability Heuristic | solving problems with the help of available information
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| Deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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| Actor-Observer Bias | reflects our tendency to make external attributions for our own behavior while making internal attributions about others
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MadisonFoleyReis
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