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ULTIMATE REVIEW
Mr. Sinn
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Broca's Area | an area of in the left FRONTAL lobe that is associated with the ability to SPEAK; discovered by Paul Broca |
| Broca's Aphasia | the inability to SPEAK after damage to this area |
| Wernicke's Area | an area in the left TEMPORAL lobe that is associated with INTERPRETING and CREATING language |
| Wernicke's Aphasia | the inability to UNDERSTANd sounds and CREATE meaningful speech after damage to this area |
| Pons | a bundle of nerves that help with voluntary movements and sleep/dreams; P (ons) illow on top of the B (rain stem) ed |
| Brain Stem | includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum; mainly controls automatic functions |
| Reticular Formation | a network of nerves from the midbrain to brain stem; mostly involved with arousal, alertness, and sleep-wake cycles |
| Cerebrum | 85% of the brain including all 4 lobes and the cerebral cortex |
| Cerebral Cortex | outer layer of the brain that is a 1/4 inch thick; carries out higher cognitive functions |
| Hippocampus | Creates Conscious memories and enables learning |
| Hypothalamus | controls the pituitary gland and basic drives |
| Basal Ganglia | neuron cell bodies that are involved with voluntary movement |
| Frontal Lobe | higher order thinking; includes prefrontal and motor cortex |
| Prefrontal Cortex | aids in judgement and memory; continues to grow into 20s |
| Parietal Lobes | receives sensory information; includes somatosensory cortex |
| Visual Cortex | receives and sends visual input |
| Temporal Lobes | involved with hearing and memory function |
| Brain Lateralization | explains why the right or left side of the brain often controls the opposite side |
| EEG | records electrical activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp; often used for sleep and seizure research |
| CT | a series of X-Rays that produce detailed images of the body; uses a little radiation |
| PET | uses radioactive glucose to evaluate brain activity to evaluate brain activity and blood flow |
| MRI | uses magnetic impulses to create detailed images of the body |
| fMRI | uses a MRI machine to measure brain activity by blood and O2 flow; pictures are taken from various angles |
| Neuroplasticity | the brain's ability to adapt to changes |
| Neurogenesis | the process of forming new neurons |
| Pineal Gland | secretes melatonin |
| Restoration Theory | looks at how our bodies get tired from daily activities and depletes our energy |
| Frequency | # of waves per second; a sounds highness or lowness |
| Beta Waves | low altitude waves that occur when AWAKE and alert; fast |
| Alpha Waves | occur when awake but relaxed and/or unfocused; medium tempo |
| Theta Waves | occur when relaxed and focused, maybe daydreaming; slow and random |
| Delta Waves | low frequency waves that occur during DEEP sleep; stage NREM-3 |
| Sleep Spindles | low amplitude and fast brain waves that occur during STAGE 2 |
| REM | sleep stage when dreams occur as well as sleep paralysis; beta waves are seen as if awake |
| Activation-Synthesis Model | hypothesis that states dreams are a result of our brain making sense of random neural activity |
| Cognitive Development Theory | hypothesis that states dreams are reflecting our interests and show the development of our imagination and thinking |
| Activation Theory | a hypothesis that states dreams are a result of activating specific parts of the brain |
| Physiological Function of Dreams | a hypothesis that states dreams are necessary because the brain needs periodic stimulation to grow and maintain neural pathways |
| Night Terrors | sudden awakening throughout the night in a fit of fear or panic that may include screaming, rapid <3 rate, and sweating |
| Sensations | raw sensory data |
| Perceptions | how we interpret information/sensory data |
| Relative Size | states the size of an object changes with distance; smaller object-farther away |
| Relative Height | states objects seen above the horizon are farther away |
| Absolute Threshold | the minimum stimulation needed in order for sensation to be felt |
| Signal Detection Theory | the ability to perceive stimulation @ or near the threshold |
| Habituation | when a stimulus is repeated, its effectiveness is reduced |
| Difference Threshold | the amount of change needed between two stimuli to be perceived by an individual |
| Weber's Law | the principle that in order to perceive two stimuli as different, they must differ by a constant PERCENTAGE |
| Perceptual Set | when you are temporarily ready to receive certain objects over others |
| Schema | a collection of basic knowledge that guides the perception of a situation |
| Conjunctiva | the thin layer of mucus membrane that covers the outer eye and inside of the eyelid for protection |
| Retina | the surface on the back of the eye that is sensitive to light containing both rods and cones |
| Fovea | a small depression in the retina containing cones |
| Opponent-Processing Theory | states there are specific processes that inhibit one color, simulating the opposite |
| Tympanic Membrane/Eardrum | converts sound waves into vibrations |
| Cochlea | houses hearing receptors |
| Place Theory | the placement of hairs on different areas of the basilar membrane alter PITCH; place=pitch |
| Semi-Circular Canals | fluid-filled canals that enable balance and body movement |
| Papillae | taste buds |
| Kinesthesis | allows us to control our movement through sensory receptors in our muscles and joints |
| Nocireceptors | pain receptors |
| Proprioceptors | sensory receptors |
| Acquisition | the process of obtaining a new behavior |
| Law of Effect | a general principle that depending on whether a behavior is rewarded or punished, future behavior can be predicted |
| Semantic Memory | memory that allows for cognitive processes and contains general knowledge and information |
| Episodic Memory | memory of personal past experiences |
| Parallel Processing | when two or more separate operation are happening @ the same time but functioning independently |
| Elaborative Encoding | processing information by connecting it to previously learned information |
| Semantic Encoding | processing information by focusing on its meaning; most effective |
| Tactile | touch |
| Rote Rehearsal | simply repeating information without assessing its deeper meaning |
| Encoding Specificity Principle | the idea that it's easier to retrieve a memory if you're in the same environment the memory was made in |
| Proactive Interference | the hindrance of newly learned information because old information is in the way |
| Retroactive Interference | when previously learned information is hard to remember because of new learning |
| Anterograde Amnesia | when a person is unable to learn new information information |
| Retrograde Amnesia | when a person is unable to remember previously learned information |
| Glutamate | excitatory; helps with strengthening synaptic connections |
| Acetylcholine | enables muscle action, learning, and memory |
| Long Term Potentiation | when a synaptic transmission is enhanced by repeated stimulation of the same connection, strengthening memory formation |
| Prototypes | specific things that best represent a category |
| Heuristics | a problem-solving strategy using past experiences to guide thinking |
| Informal Reasoning | quick thinking; uses tricks or short cuts to speed up thinking process |
| Formal Reasoning | following a system of sequences to come to a conclusion; slow |
| Metacognition | awareness of your own cognitive processes |
| Anchoring Bias | the tendency to think that an answer must be closer to a starting value that was given; skews answer |
| General Intelligence (g) | if intelligence in one are, intelligent in other areas as well |
| Reliability | when test scores remain stable; test-retest |
| Validity | when a test tests what it claims to be testing |
| Phonemes | sounds used in speech that cannot be broken down |
| Morphemes | a unit of meaning that cannot be broken down |
| Deep Structure Semantics | the underlying meaning of a structure |
| Assimilation | putting new information into schemas |
| Accomodation | changing a schema you already have to fit new information |
| Scaffolding | an instructional strategy to guide learners, supporting them to learn information previously outside of their grasp |
| Personal Fable | the feeling that occurs during adolescents that makes one feel special or at the center of attention |
| Sensorimotor Dev. Stage | when motor skills and object permanence develop; ages 0-2 |
| Preoperational Dev. Stage | children are egocentric and gain language ability; ages 2-7 |
| Concrete Operational Dev. Stage | logical thinking develops and begin to consider others perspectives; ages 7-12 |
| Formal Operational Dev. Stage | complex thinking and moral reasoning; ages 12+ |
| Identity Foreclosure | set identity without considering other options |
| Identity Diffusion | no set identity and no interest to find one |
| Identity Moratorium | no set identity but considering one |
| Identity Achievement | after consider multiple option, finding a set identity |
| Trust vs Mistrust | babies seek basic need to form secure attachments |
| Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt | children seek independence which build confidence |
| Initiative vs Guilt | children seek more independence and social interaction |
| Industry vs Inferiority | schooling time; children compare themselves to others |
| Identity vs Role Confusion | social environment is very important; children seek friend and exhibit conformity; many seek to find themself |
| Intimacy vs Isolation | people seek partnership and/or commitment to something (job) |
| Generativity vs Stagnation | may involve parenting or guide the next generation; people look for there purpose |
| Integrity vs Despair | depends on previous stages; people reflect on their life in hopes or no regrets, if not they may struggle with the thought of death |
| ID | impulsive, drives |
| Superego | moral conscious |
| Ego | realistic, mediates between the other parts of the mind |
| Cognitive Dissonance | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent |
| Approach-Approach Conflict | an intrapersonal conflict when a decision is to be made from two appealing choices |
| Approach-Avoidance Conflict | occurs when an individual is faced with a decision to pursue or avoid something that has advantages and disadvantages |
| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict | when an individual avoids making a decision because they do not like either of the choices available to them |
| Group Polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclination through discussion within a group |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | the tendency for observers when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal deposition |
| Representative Heuristic | solving problems with the help of a stereotype |
| Availability Heuristic | solving problems with the help of available information |
| Deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
| Actor-Observer Bias | reflects our tendency to make external attributions for our own behavior while making internal attributions about others |
Created by:
MadisonFoleyReis
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