FATS, MINERALS, AND WATER, CELLULOSE
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| Antioxidant vitamins | Vitamins E,C,and A (in previtamin form of beta-carotene)have a possible link to reduced risks of certain cancers and heart disease.
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| Antioxidants function | by delaying or preventing the destruction or breakdown of cell membranes in the presence of oxygen.
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| Fat-soluble vitamins | Vitamins A,D,E,and K. Usually carried in the fatty portions of food. Can be stored in the body. Fairly stable in cooking
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| Water-soluble vitamins | Vitamins B and C. Are not readily stored in the body.Excesses are generally excreted in the urine. Easily destroyed by air & cooking.
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| Water | Is the principle body constituent; most indespensable of all nutrients.
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| What percentage of water makes up adult and infant body weight? | 60% in adults and 80% in infants body weight
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| Minerals | Inorganic elements and are essential for growth and normal functioning.
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| What are the groups of Minerals? | 2 groups: Major(macro)minerals and Trace(micro)minerals.
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| Characteristics of Minerals | Found in all body tissues and fluids, DO NOT furnish energy but regulate body process that furnish energy, occur naturally in foods, and are stable in food preparation.
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| What Minerals are needed in large amounts? | Major(macro)minerals
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| Name the Major(macro) minerals. | Calcium,Phosphorus,Potassium,Sodium,Magnesium, Sulfur, and Chloride
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| What Minerals are needed in small amounts? | Micro(trace)minerals
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| Name the Micro(trace) minerals | Iodine,Zinc,Iron,Selenium,Copper,Manganese,Chromium,Fluoride,and Molybdenum
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| The amount needed from Major(macro) minerals | 100mg+/daily
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| Calcium function | formation & maintenance of bones and teeth, nerve conduction and muscle.
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| Calcium deficiency | Osteoporosis(adults)weak,more porous bones.Stunted growth in children.
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| Chloride function | Fluid and acid base
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| Chloride deficiency | Metabolic alkalosis
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| Potassium function | Nerve conduction; muscle contraction; including the heart.
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| Potassium deficiency | Severe-cardiac arrythmiasModerate-increased BP
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| Sodium function | Fluid & acid base balance, nerve conduction, muscle contraction.
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| Sodium deficiency | Cramps, mental confusion,apathy,appetite loss.
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| Sulfur function | Essential contituent of proteins, metabolism
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| Sulfur deficiency | None exhibited except in protein defiecieny
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| Phosphorus function | Essential component of bone, energy metabolism, acid base balance.
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| Phosphorus deficiency | Rare, but may occur in pt's using aluminum hydroxide antacids.
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| Magnesium function | Bone mineralization, muscle contraction & relaxation, blood pressure regulation
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| Magnesium deficiency | Nausea, muscle weakness, confusion,tetany(rare)
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| Manganese function | General metabolism, formation of bone
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| Manganese deficiency | Reduced bone mineralization, dermatiits, and altered lipid & carbohydrate metabolism.
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| Selenium function | Antioxidant
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| Selenium deficiency | Cardiomathapy
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| Chromium function | Maintenance of normal glucose
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| Chroimium deficiency | Impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes like symptoms
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| Fluoride function | Increases tooth resistance to decay
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| Fluoride deficiency | Increased suspectibility to tooth decay
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| Copper function | Necessary for utilaztion of iron
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| Copper deficiency | Anemia, vascular skeletal problems
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| Zinc function | Part of many enzymes involved in metabolism
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| Zinc deficiency | Loss of appetite, skin changes, growth retardation
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| Iodine function | Part of thyroixn-which helps regulate metabolism, growth & development
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| Iodine deficiency | Goiter-enlarged thyroid glandCretinism-mental and physical retardation of fetus
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| Iron function | Necessary for transport of oxygen use in body, part of some enzymes
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| Iron deficiency | Microcytic, hypochromic anemia, fatigue, weak
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| Vitamins | Organic compounds needed in small amounts for growth and maintenance of life.
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| Precursor (pro-vitamin) | a substance that precedes and can be changed into an active vitamin; for example carotene is the precursor of Vitamin A.
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| Hypervitaminosis | is the excess of two or more vitamins
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| Synthetic | man-made vitamins
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| Enriched or Fortified | the addition of nutrients to a food often in amounts larger than the amount found naturally in that food
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| Restored | foods in which nutrients lost in processing are replaced
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| Vitamins with General metabolism functions | Biotin, Panthothenic acid, Niacin,and Riboflavin(B2)
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| Riboflavin (B2) deficiency | Sore throat,ariboflavinosis,glossitis, cheilosis(disorder of the lips & mouth characterized by scales & fissures
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| Niacin deficiency | Pellagra
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| Pantoethenic acid deficiency | Listlessness,fatigue(rare)
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| Biotin deficiency | Alopecia, conjuctivitis, dermatitis
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| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) function | Antioxidant, wound healing, tissue growth and maintenance, proper immune function
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| Vitamin C deficiency | Scurvy, gingivitis, bleeding gums
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| Vitamin B12 (cyanocabalamin) function | New cell synthesis, maintenance of nerve cells
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| Vitamin B12 (cyanocabalamin) deficiency | Pernicious anemia, macryotic megaloblastic anemia
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| Vitamin K function | formation of blood clotting factors
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| Vitamin K deficiency | in severe cases, hemorrhaging; increased prothrombin time
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| Vitamin A function | Vision, epithelial tissue integrity, growth, reproduction, embryonic development
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| Vitamin A deficiency | Night blindness, increased infections, xeropthalmia, follicular hyperkeratosis
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| Vitamin D function | maintain blood calcium and phosphorus balance
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| Vitamin D deficiency | Rickets (children)abnormal shape in bonesOsteomalacia (adult) softening of bones
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| Vitmin E (a-tocopherol) function | protection of cell membranes
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| Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) deficiency | no known deficiencies
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| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) function | amino acid metabolism and general metabolism
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| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency | anemia, convulsions, dermatitis, depression, confusion
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| Choline function | maintenance of cell membranes memory retention, muscle control
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| Choline deficiency | liver damage
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| Thiamine (B1) function | carbohydrate metabolism
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| Thiamine deficiency | Beri-Beri, mental confusion, anorexia, muscle weakness
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| Pt's taking blood thinning drugs or anticoagulants should consume consisitent amts of this vitamin. | Vitamin K
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| What group of people are at risk for low intake of Vitamin B12? | Strict vegetarians, 50 and over, and individuals who had stomach surgery.
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| Toxicity | a condition that results from exposure to excess amounts of a substance that does not cause adverse amounts, usually occcurs from use of large supplemental doses of vitamins or minerals and not from food sources.
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| What is Cellulose? | a polysaccharide that makes up the frame work of plants. Provides. CAN NOT be broken down by human digestive.
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| Cellulose function | is to absorb water, provide bulk, and stimulate peristalsis. provides bulk (fiber/roughage)
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| Ca | Calcium
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| Fe | Iron
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| P | Phosphorus
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| Cu | Copper
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| Na | Sodium
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| Zn | Zinc
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| K | Potassium
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| Mn | Manganese
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| Mg | Magnesium
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| I | Iodine
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| Cl | Chlorine
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| F | Fluorine
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| S | Sulfur
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| What can destroy Vitamins? | Heat, light, and exposure to air. Can be lost when food is cooked in water.
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| What can destroy Minerals? | Can be lost in cooking water.
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| Which vitamin should those who smoke have more of than others? | Vitamin C
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| How can the body make Vitamin D? | from exposure to sunlight
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| Pernicious anemia | a progressive macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, affecting mainly older people.
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| Osteoporosis | an abnormal reduction in bone density leading to bone pain, fractures, loss of stature, and deformities.
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| Folic Acid function | nucleic acid syntheisis
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| Folic Acid deficiency | macroycytic (large cell) anemia
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