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NUTRITION 3
FATS, MINERALS, AND WATER, CELLULOSE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Antioxidant vitamins | Vitamins E,C,and A (in previtamin form of beta-carotene)have a possible link to reduced risks of certain cancers and heart disease. |
| Antioxidants function | by delaying or preventing the destruction or breakdown of cell membranes in the presence of oxygen. |
| Fat-soluble vitamins | Vitamins A,D,E,and K. Usually carried in the fatty portions of food. Can be stored in the body. Fairly stable in cooking |
| Water-soluble vitamins | Vitamins B and C. Are not readily stored in the body.Excesses are generally excreted in the urine. Easily destroyed by air & cooking. |
| Water | Is the principle body constituent; most indespensable of all nutrients. |
| What percentage of water makes up adult and infant body weight? | 60% in adults and 80% in infants body weight |
| Minerals | Inorganic elements and are essential for growth and normal functioning. |
| What are the groups of Minerals? | 2 groups: Major(macro)minerals and Trace(micro)minerals. |
| Characteristics of Minerals | Found in all body tissues and fluids, DO NOT furnish energy but regulate body process that furnish energy, occur naturally in foods, and are stable in food preparation. |
| What Minerals are needed in large amounts? | Major(macro)minerals |
| Name the Major(macro) minerals. | Calcium,Phosphorus,Potassium,Sodium,Magnesium, Sulfur, and Chloride |
| What Minerals are needed in small amounts? | Micro(trace)minerals |
| Name the Micro(trace) minerals | Iodine,Zinc,Iron,Selenium,Copper,Manganese,Chromium,Fluoride,and Molybdenum |
| The amount needed from Major(macro) minerals | 100mg+/daily |
| Calcium function | formation & maintenance of bones and teeth, nerve conduction and muscle. |
| Calcium deficiency | Osteoporosis(adults)weak,more porous bones.Stunted growth in children. |
| Chloride function | Fluid and acid base |
| Chloride deficiency | Metabolic alkalosis |
| Potassium function | Nerve conduction; muscle contraction; including the heart. |
| Potassium deficiency | Severe-cardiac arrythmiasModerate-increased BP |
| Sodium function | Fluid & acid base balance, nerve conduction, muscle contraction. |
| Sodium deficiency | Cramps, mental confusion,apathy,appetite loss. |
| Sulfur function | Essential contituent of proteins, metabolism |
| Sulfur deficiency | None exhibited except in protein defiecieny |
| Phosphorus function | Essential component of bone, energy metabolism, acid base balance. |
| Phosphorus deficiency | Rare, but may occur in pt's using aluminum hydroxide antacids. |
| Magnesium function | Bone mineralization, muscle contraction & relaxation, blood pressure regulation |
| Magnesium deficiency | Nausea, muscle weakness, confusion,tetany(rare) |
| Manganese function | General metabolism, formation of bone |
| Manganese deficiency | Reduced bone mineralization, dermatiits, and altered lipid & carbohydrate metabolism. |
| Selenium function | Antioxidant |
| Selenium deficiency | Cardiomathapy |
| Chromium function | Maintenance of normal glucose |
| Chroimium deficiency | Impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes like symptoms |
| Fluoride function | Increases tooth resistance to decay |
| Fluoride deficiency | Increased suspectibility to tooth decay |
| Copper function | Necessary for utilaztion of iron |
| Copper deficiency | Anemia, vascular skeletal problems |
| Zinc function | Part of many enzymes involved in metabolism |
| Zinc deficiency | Loss of appetite, skin changes, growth retardation |
| Iodine function | Part of thyroixn-which helps regulate metabolism, growth & development |
| Iodine deficiency | Goiter-enlarged thyroid glandCretinism-mental and physical retardation of fetus |
| Iron function | Necessary for transport of oxygen use in body, part of some enzymes |
| Iron deficiency | Microcytic, hypochromic anemia, fatigue, weak |
| Vitamins | Organic compounds needed in small amounts for growth and maintenance of life. |
| Precursor (pro-vitamin) | a substance that precedes and can be changed into an active vitamin; for example carotene is the precursor of Vitamin A. |
| Hypervitaminosis | is the excess of two or more vitamins |
| Synthetic | man-made vitamins |
| Enriched or Fortified | the addition of nutrients to a food often in amounts larger than the amount found naturally in that food |
| Restored | foods in which nutrients lost in processing are replaced |
| Vitamins with General metabolism functions | Biotin, Panthothenic acid, Niacin,and Riboflavin(B2) |
| Riboflavin (B2) deficiency | Sore throat,ariboflavinosis,glossitis, cheilosis(disorder of the lips & mouth characterized by scales & fissures |
| Niacin deficiency | Pellagra |
| Pantoethenic acid deficiency | Listlessness,fatigue(rare) |
| Biotin deficiency | Alopecia, conjuctivitis, dermatitis |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) function | Antioxidant, wound healing, tissue growth and maintenance, proper immune function |
| Vitamin C deficiency | Scurvy, gingivitis, bleeding gums |
| Vitamin B12 (cyanocabalamin) function | New cell synthesis, maintenance of nerve cells |
| Vitamin B12 (cyanocabalamin) deficiency | Pernicious anemia, macryotic megaloblastic anemia |
| Vitamin K function | formation of blood clotting factors |
| Vitamin K deficiency | in severe cases, hemorrhaging; increased prothrombin time |
| Vitamin A function | Vision, epithelial tissue integrity, growth, reproduction, embryonic development |
| Vitamin A deficiency | Night blindness, increased infections, xeropthalmia, follicular hyperkeratosis |
| Vitamin D function | maintain blood calcium and phosphorus balance |
| Vitamin D deficiency | Rickets (children)abnormal shape in bonesOsteomalacia (adult) softening of bones |
| Vitmin E (a-tocopherol) function | protection of cell membranes |
| Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) deficiency | no known deficiencies |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) function | amino acid metabolism and general metabolism |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency | anemia, convulsions, dermatitis, depression, confusion |
| Choline function | maintenance of cell membranes memory retention, muscle control |
| Choline deficiency | liver damage |
| Thiamine (B1) function | carbohydrate metabolism |
| Thiamine deficiency | Beri-Beri, mental confusion, anorexia, muscle weakness |
| Pt's taking blood thinning drugs or anticoagulants should consume consisitent amts of this vitamin. | Vitamin K |
| What group of people are at risk for low intake of Vitamin B12? | Strict vegetarians, 50 and over, and individuals who had stomach surgery. |
| Toxicity | a condition that results from exposure to excess amounts of a substance that does not cause adverse amounts, usually occcurs from use of large supplemental doses of vitamins or minerals and not from food sources. |
| What is Cellulose? | a polysaccharide that makes up the frame work of plants. Provides. CAN NOT be broken down by human digestive. |
| Cellulose function | is to absorb water, provide bulk, and stimulate peristalsis. provides bulk (fiber/roughage) |
| Ca | Calcium |
| Fe | Iron |
| P | Phosphorus |
| Cu | Copper |
| Na | Sodium |
| Zn | Zinc |
| K | Potassium |
| Mn | Manganese |
| Mg | Magnesium |
| I | Iodine |
| Cl | Chlorine |
| F | Fluorine |
| S | Sulfur |
| What can destroy Vitamins? | Heat, light, and exposure to air. Can be lost when food is cooked in water. |
| What can destroy Minerals? | Can be lost in cooking water. |
| Which vitamin should those who smoke have more of than others? | Vitamin C |
| How can the body make Vitamin D? | from exposure to sunlight |
| Pernicious anemia | a progressive macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, affecting mainly older people. |
| Osteoporosis | an abnormal reduction in bone density leading to bone pain, fractures, loss of stature, and deformities. |
| Folic Acid function | nucleic acid syntheisis |
| Folic Acid deficiency | macroycytic (large cell) anemia |
Created by:
Rednad
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