u6 vocab
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| learning | process of acquiring new and relatively enduring info or behaviors
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| habituation | an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus w/ repeated exposure to it
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| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together, events may be 2 stimulus (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences
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| stimulus | any event or situation that evokes a response
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| cognitive learning | acquisition of mental info, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
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| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimulus and anticipate events
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| behaviorism | views that psychology should be an objective science, studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes- most agree w/ the first and not the secon
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| neural stimulus | classical conditioning, stimulus elicits no response before conditioning
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| unconditioned response (UR) | in classical conditioning- an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned response
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| unconditioned stimulus (US) | in classical conditioning- stimuli’s that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response
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| conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning- an originally irrelevant that, after association w/ an US comes to trigger a CR
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| acquisition | in classical conditioning, the initial state, linking neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to the neural stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response in operant conditioning, the strength ig of a reinforced response
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| higher-order conditioning | conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired w/ a new neural stimulus= creating a second conditioned stimulus
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| extinction | diminishing of a conditioned response classical conditioning when an US does not follow a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
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| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
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| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
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| discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US
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| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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| law of effect | thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, behaviors followed by unfavorable become less likely
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| operant chamber | in operant conditioning research, chamber conditioning a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking
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| reinforcement | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior
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| discriminant stimulus | in operant conditioning, stimulus that elicits a response after association w/ reinforcement
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| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers, a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
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| negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reinforcing negative stimuli, a negative reinforcer is any stimuli that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
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| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
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| conditioned reinforcer “secondary reinforcer” | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
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| reinforcement schedule | a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
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| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction
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| fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified # of responses
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| variable-ratio schedule | reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable # of responses
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| fixed-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specified time has elapsed
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| variable- interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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| punishment | an event that sends to decrease the behavior it follows
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| biofeed balk(?) | a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back into regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
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| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
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| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
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| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one’s env.
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| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards to to avoid threatened punishments
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| insight | a sudden realization of a problem’s solution
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| intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
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| coping | alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
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| problem-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction
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| emotion-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction
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| learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation and passive resignation an animal or human learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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| external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside focus beyond our personal control determine over fate
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| internal locus of control | the perception that you control your own fate
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| self-control | ability to control indulgences and delay short-tern gratification for greater long-term rewards
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| observational learning | learning by observing others- social learning
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| modeling | process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another do so- may enable imitation and empathy
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| pro social behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior- opposite of anti social behavior
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