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u6 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | process of acquiring new and relatively enduring info or behaviors |
| habituation | an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus w/ repeated exposure to it |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together, events may be 2 stimulus (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences |
| stimulus | any event or situation that evokes a response |
| cognitive learning | acquisition of mental info, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimulus and anticipate events |
| behaviorism | views that psychology should be an objective science, studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes- most agree w/ the first and not the secon |
| neural stimulus | classical conditioning, stimulus elicits no response before conditioning |
| unconditioned response (UR) | in classical conditioning- an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned response |
| unconditioned stimulus (US) | in classical conditioning- stimuli’s that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response |
| conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning- an originally irrelevant that, after association w/ an US comes to trigger a CR |
| acquisition | in classical conditioning, the initial state, linking neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to the neural stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response in operant conditioning, the strength ig of a reinforced response |
| higher-order conditioning | conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired w/ a new neural stimulus= creating a second conditioned stimulus |
| extinction | diminishing of a conditioned response classical conditioning when an US does not follow a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| law of effect | thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, behaviors followed by unfavorable become less likely |
| operant chamber | in operant conditioning research, chamber conditioning a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
| reinforcement | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior |
| discriminant stimulus | in operant conditioning, stimulus that elicits a response after association w/ reinforcement |
| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers, a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response |
| negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reinforcing negative stimuli, a negative reinforcer is any stimuli that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| conditioned reinforcer “secondary reinforcer” | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
| reinforcement schedule | a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced |
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction |
| fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified # of responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable # of responses |
| fixed-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specified time has elapsed |
| variable- interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| punishment | an event that sends to decrease the behavior it follows |
| biofeed balk(?) | a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back into regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one’s env. |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards to to avoid threatened punishments |
| insight | a sudden realization of a problem’s solution |
| intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
| coping | alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods |
| problem-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction |
| emotion-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction |
| learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation and passive resignation an animal or human learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
| external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside focus beyond our personal control determine over fate |
| internal locus of control | the perception that you control your own fate |
| self-control | ability to control indulgences and delay short-tern gratification for greater long-term rewards |
| observational learning | learning by observing others- social learning |
| modeling | process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another do so- may enable imitation and empathy |
| pro social behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior- opposite of anti social behavior |
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_emilyyyoung_
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