CCRN
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| Phases of gastric secretions | 1. Cephalic Phase 2. Gastric Phase 3. Intestinal Phase
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| Cephalic phase | The parsympathetic nervous system controls dthe first phase of regulation of grastric secretion via the vagus nerve.
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| Gastric phase | When food actually enters the stomach. Gastrin is the major hormone; it increaqses acid secretion from the oxyntic cells.
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| Intestinal phase | When chyme enters the duodenum.
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| Indication of potention malnutrition. | Albumin levels < 2.5g/dL and lymphocytes below 1000 mm3.
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| Osmolite, Ensure, Jevity1 kcal/mL | 1kcal/mL
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| Normally patients at rest require how many calories? | 25 kcal/kg/day
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| Achalasia refers to | Failure of the gastroesophageal sphincter
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| Total gastrectomy would cause the patient to lose which function? | Vitamin B12 synthesis
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| Which substance will increase the production of hydrochloric acid? | HISTAMINE
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| Cimetidine or ranitidine acts to reduce stress ulcers by inhibiting the production of which substance? | HISTAMINE
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| What is the purpose of the intrinsic factor, produced by parietal cells in the stomach? | PROMOTES ABSORPTION OF VIT. B12.
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| The normal pH of the stomach falls within which of the following ranges? | 1 to 3
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| In which part of the GI system is pepsinogen initially produced? | STOMACH
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| Which of the following is a function of chelecystokinin? | INHIBITS GASTRIC EMPTYING
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| A vagotomy, through the removal of parasympathetic stimulation, can reduce the secretion of hydrochloric acid by which mechanism? | ELIMINATION FO THE CEPHALIC PHASE OF GASTRIC SECRETION.
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| Approximately how many calories are in a gram of glucose? | 4 kcal
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| Approximately how many calories are in a gram of fat? | 9 kcal
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| Approximately how many calories are in a gram of protein? | 4 kcal
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| Which enzyme is active in the digestion of proteins? | TRYPSIN
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| Which enzyme is active in the digestio of fats? | LIPASE
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| Which enzyme is active in the digestion of carbohydrates? | AMYLASE
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| Emulsification of fat occurs because of which substance? | BILE
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| Increased colonic motility is produced by? | PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION
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| All venous blood from the intestines eventually drains into which vein? | PORTAL
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| Which substance causes contraction of the gallbladder? | SECRETIN
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| What are measured as part of the routine protein assessment during an analysis of nutritional status? | TOTAL LYMPHOCYTES AND ALBUMIN
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| What is thought to be the most common cause of stess ulcers? | ISCHEMIA
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| Esophageal varices are the result of increases in which vascular parameters? | PORTAL VENOUS PRESSURE
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| Portacaval shunts work to decrease bleeding from esophageal varices by which mechanism? | DECREASING PORTAL VENOUS PRESSURE
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| What are some complications of the esophageal balloon treament? | 1. TRACHEAL OCCLUSION 2. ESOPHAGEAL NECROSIS 3. ESOPHAGEAL RUPTURE
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| Asterixis is regarded as a sign of the development of which condition? | HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
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| Which of the following electrolytes is frequently lost with pancreatitis? | CALCIUM
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| What is the most common cause of intestinal perforation? | APPENDICITIS
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| Direct bilirubin is: | 1. BOUND WITH GLUCURONIC ACID IN THE LIVER. 2. A WATER-SOLUBLE BILIRUBIN 3. A CONJUGATED BILIRUBIN
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| Indirect bilirubin is: | FAT-SOLUBLE AND UNCONJUGATED
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| The most common cause of portal hypertension is: | CIRRHOSIS
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| Cullen's sign | 1. BLUISH, ECCHYMOTIC AREA AROUND THE UMBILICUS. 2. PRESENTS WHEN BLOOD INFILTRATES THE ABDOMINAL WALL.
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| Grey-Turners sign | 1. ECCHYMOSIS OVER THE FLANK AREA 2. PRESENTS DUE TO RETROPERITONEAL BLEEDING
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| Coopernail's sign | 1. ECCHYMOSIS IN THE GROIN AREA. 2. PRESENTS DUE TO BLLEDING IN THE PELVIC AREA
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| Kehr's sign | 1. PAIN IN THE LEFT SHOULDER. 2. PRESENTS DUE TO A RUPTURED SPLEEN.
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| Halstead's sign | 1. MARBLED APPEARANCE ACCROSS THE ABDOMEN 2. SOMETIMES SEEN IN ABD TRAUMA.
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| Incubation period for hepatitis B | 6 to 9 weeks
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| The normal pressure inflation range for an esophageal balloon to tmponade is: | 20 to 45 mm/Hg
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| The normal portal pressure is: | less than 10 mm/Hg
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| ASTERIXIS | A TREMOR OF THE WRIST WHEN THE WRIST IS EXTENDED.
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