Industry and Energy - Recycling and Changing Industry
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| recycling | the separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of the unwanted material
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| 4 ways to recycle | curbside programs, drop-off centers, buy-back centers (commercial operations pay consumers for recycled materials), deposit programs (price of a beverage can include a deposit fee that is returned when the container is returned)
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| remanufacturing | the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts
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| 4 major manufacturing sectors | account for more than 1/2 the recycling activity - paper mills, steel mills, plastic converters, and iron and steel foundries
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| paper | most types can be recycled
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| plastic | different types cannot be mixed
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| glass | can be used repeatedly with no loss in quality
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| aluminum | principle source is beverage containers
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| new international division of labor | selective transfer of some jobs to developing countries
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| outsourcing | turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers, how transnational corporations allocate production to low-wage countries
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| vertical integration | a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process
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| Foxconn | the world’s largest electronics contractor, employs 1 million in China
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| maquiladoras | plants in Mexico near the US border
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| BRICS | an acronym coined by the investment banking firm Goldman Sachs for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa – much of the world’s manufacturing growth is expected to cluster in these countries
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| spinning | clothing production - principal natural fiber is cotton
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| weaving | clothing production - for mechanized weaving, labor constitutes a high % of the total production cost - China and India are the dominant fabric producers
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| Barthelemy Thimonnier | French tailor, invented the 1st functional sewing machine in 1830
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| Isaac Singer | manufactured the 1st commercially successful sewing machine in the US in the 1850s
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| 4 main textile products | garments, carpets, home products like bed linens and curtains, and industrial items like headliners and motor vehicles
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| steel | an alloy of iron that is manufactured by removing impurities in iron and adding desirable elements
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| 2 changes in situation factors | relative importance of the main markets and increasing importance of proximity to markets
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| 2 raw materials to make steel | iron and steel
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| steel mills in the mid-1800s | concentrated around Pittsburgh because iron and coal mined there
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| steel mills in the late-1800s | mills built around Lake Eerie because discovery of iron in Minnesota
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| steel mills in the early-1900s | South Lake Michigan because needed more iron than coal
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| steel mills in the mid-1900s | East and West coasts because iron started coming from other countries
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| steel mills in the late-1900s | most integrated steel mills closed
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| steel minimills | main input is scrap metal, less expensive, and can locate near markets
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| right to work law | requires a factory to maintain an “open shop” and prohibits a “closed shop”
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| closed shop | a company and a union agree that everyone must join the union to work in the factory
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| open shop | a union and a company may not negotiate a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment
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| 2 important site and situation factors in Europe | low wage but relatively skilled labor and proximity to Western Europe markets
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