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Geo ch.11 (4)
Industry and Energy - Recycling and Changing Industry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| recycling | the separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of the unwanted material |
| 4 ways to recycle | curbside programs, drop-off centers, buy-back centers (commercial operations pay consumers for recycled materials), deposit programs (price of a beverage can include a deposit fee that is returned when the container is returned) |
| remanufacturing | the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts |
| 4 major manufacturing sectors | account for more than 1/2 the recycling activity - paper mills, steel mills, plastic converters, and iron and steel foundries |
| paper | most types can be recycled |
| plastic | different types cannot be mixed |
| glass | can be used repeatedly with no loss in quality |
| aluminum | principle source is beverage containers |
| new international division of labor | selective transfer of some jobs to developing countries |
| outsourcing | turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers, how transnational corporations allocate production to low-wage countries |
| vertical integration | a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process |
| Foxconn | the world’s largest electronics contractor, employs 1 million in China |
| maquiladoras | plants in Mexico near the US border |
| BRICS | an acronym coined by the investment banking firm Goldman Sachs for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa – much of the world’s manufacturing growth is expected to cluster in these countries |
| spinning | clothing production - principal natural fiber is cotton |
| weaving | clothing production - for mechanized weaving, labor constitutes a high % of the total production cost - China and India are the dominant fabric producers |
| Barthelemy Thimonnier | French tailor, invented the 1st functional sewing machine in 1830 |
| Isaac Singer | manufactured the 1st commercially successful sewing machine in the US in the 1850s |
| 4 main textile products | garments, carpets, home products like bed linens and curtains, and industrial items like headliners and motor vehicles |
| steel | an alloy of iron that is manufactured by removing impurities in iron and adding desirable elements |
| 2 changes in situation factors | relative importance of the main markets and increasing importance of proximity to markets |
| 2 raw materials to make steel | iron and steel |
| steel mills in the mid-1800s | concentrated around Pittsburgh because iron and coal mined there |
| steel mills in the late-1800s | mills built around Lake Eerie because discovery of iron in Minnesota |
| steel mills in the early-1900s | South Lake Michigan because needed more iron than coal |
| steel mills in the mid-1900s | East and West coasts because iron started coming from other countries |
| steel mills in the late-1900s | most integrated steel mills closed |
| steel minimills | main input is scrap metal, less expensive, and can locate near markets |
| right to work law | requires a factory to maintain an “open shop” and prohibits a “closed shop” |
| closed shop | a company and a union agree that everyone must join the union to work in the factory |
| open shop | a union and a company may not negotiate a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment |
| 2 important site and situation factors in Europe | low wage but relatively skilled labor and proximity to Western Europe markets |
Created by:
imr36093
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