Final Gov
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| Interest groups | Organizations of people sharing a common interest; interest groups (lobbies) make policy-related appeals to the government
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| Institutional interest groups | Individuals, organizations, or offices representing other interest group organizations; they are generally not open to broad public membership (e.g. Amazon, Ford, the NFL)
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| Membership interest groups | organizations open to public membership that allow members to
gather to engage in civil or political action (e.g. AARP, ACLU, NAACP, National Rifle Association)
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| Public goods | benefits for both interest group members and non-members
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| Public-interest groups | groups seeking to provide benefits (public goods) for the broader public
beyond just the group’s members
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| Free riding | when people reap the benefits of interest group action but without participating in
the group
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| Incentives to join interest groups | material, informational, solidary, and purposive, Material incentives: money,Informational incentives: benefits for an individual to spread knowledge,Solidary incentives: social rewards,Purposive incentives: character benefits gained from serving a cause
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| Direct lobbying | interest group activity that involves influencing legislators to either approve or
reject bills by providing them with specialist information
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| Obtaining access | interest group activity that involves establishing close relationships with
legislators and public officials; it highlights the “revolving door” in politics, when legislators and
public officials leave office to become lobbyists (and vice versa)
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| Litigation | an interest group activity that involves filing or supporting lawsuits in the courts;
examples include providing funding for individuals/groups and providing amicus curiae (“friends
of the court”) briefs for legal cases
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| Electoral interest group processes | interest group activities including voter mobilization,
initiatives such as petitions and ballot measures, and campaign financing (e.g. political action
committees)
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| Public appeals | interest group activities that include organizing and/or supporting protests,
marches, boycotts, and civil disobedience (e.g. strikes, pickets, sit-ins, disruptions)
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| C. Wright Mills | Sociologist who proposed the theory of elitism in his 1956 book The Power Elite
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| Robert Dahl | Political scientist who supported the interest group theory of pluralism, Dahl emphasized bottom-up political processes.
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| Theodore Lowi | Political scientist who described the concept of interest-group liberalism in his 1969 book The End of Liberalism, Lowi argued that interest-group liberalism has largely resulted in the general public being shut out of governemnt since the 1930s
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