Psychology
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| Biofeedback | A system for electronically recording amplifying and feedback information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
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| Punishment | An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
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| Variable Interval Schedule | A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time in intervals (causes constant behavior) *checking phone for messages
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| Fixed Interval Schedule | A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed *check mail at time usually delivered
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| Variable Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses *fishing
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| Fixed Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses *free cup of coffee after 10 purchases
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| Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule | Reinforcing a response only part of the time
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| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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| Reinforcement Schedule | A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced *they vary
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| Conditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer *AKA secondary reinforcer
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| Primary Reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need
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| Negative Reinforcement | Strengthens a response by reducing or removing something
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| Positive Reinforcement | Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
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| Discriminative Stimulus | A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement *green traffic lights
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| Shaping | An operant conditioning, gradually guiding actions towards the desired behavior *teaching a dog a trick
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| Reinforcement | Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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| Operant Chamber | Known as the Skinner box; the box has a (lever/key0 the animal uses to release a reward (food/water)
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| Law of Effect | Rewarded behavior tends to recur and punished behavior is less likely to recur *this principle was made by Thorndike
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| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher
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| Discrimination | When two different responses occur to two different stimuli
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| Generalization | Producing the same response to a similar stimuli
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| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of a response after conditioning
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| Extinction | Diminishing of a learned response after a repeated presentation of the stimulus alone
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| Higher - Order Conditioning | A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) condition stimulus
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| FYI | NS = Neutral Stimulus
US = Unconditioned Stimulus
UR = Unconditioned Response
CS = Conditioned Stimulus
CR = Conditioned Response
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| Acquisition | In classical conditioning, the process of developing a learned response
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| (Un)Learned?? | Conditioned = Learned
Unconditioned = Unlearned
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | In classical conditioning, after conditioning item it generates a response
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| Conditioned Response (CR) | In classical conditioning, what happens due to the (CS)
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | In classical conditioning, what naturally triggers a response
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| Unconditioned Response (UR) | In classical conditioning, what naturally happens in reaction to the (US) *salvation due to smell of food
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| Neutral Stimulus (NS) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
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| John B Watson | He theorized how organisms respond to stimuli in their environments simply: psychology should be an objective science based on observable behavior (behaviorism)
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| Ivan Pavlov | He explored classical conditioning *the dog experiment with food, bell and drooling
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| Behaviorism | The view that psychology (1) should be an object science that...
(2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
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| Observational Learning | A form of cognitive leaning that lets us learn from others' experiences
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| Cognitive Learning | The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing event, by watching others, or through language
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| Operant Behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
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| Respondent Behavior | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
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| Stimulus | Any event or situation that evokes a response
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| Operant Conditioning | We learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence
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| Classical Conditioning | We learn to associate 2 stimuli and thus to anticipate event
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| Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together
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| Habituation | Decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus
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| Learning | The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
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| Positive Punishment | Adding a consequence after an undesired behavior *having a child do more chores then usual
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| Negative Punishment | Taking away a certain reinforcer after the undesired behavior occurs to try and prevent it from happening in the future *taking away a teenagers phone
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| Prosocial Behavior | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior
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| Mirror Neurons | Front lobe neuron that same scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so, this may enable imitation and empathy
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| Modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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| Observational Learning | Learning by observing others
*also known as social learning
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| Self-Control | The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
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| Internal Locus of Control | The perception that we control our own fate
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| External Locus of Control | The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
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| Learned Helplessness | The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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| Personal Control | Our sense of controlling our environment rather then feeling helpless
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| Emotion-Focused Coping | Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending emotional needs related to our stress reaction
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| Problem-Focused Coping | Attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
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| Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
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| Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
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| Insight | A sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions
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| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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| Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment.
Ex. after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognition map of it
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| Instinctive Drift | The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
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| John Garcia | He challenged the idea that all associations can be learned equally well
*radiation on lab animals(rats)
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| Preparedness | A biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value
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| Edward Thorndike | He worked on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning with behaviorism
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| Robert Rescorla | He discovered the importance and predictive value that different stimuli had as they would determine if the behavior would be emitted or not (shaping the behavior) *applied cognition to acquisition
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| Albert Bandura | His theory consisted of how observation and modeling play a primary par in how and why people learn
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| B.F. Skinner | He said that a person is first exposed to a stimulus, which elicit a response, and the response is then reinforced, (stimulus, response, reinforcement)
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