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Unit 4 Vocab
Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biofeedback | A system for electronically recording amplifying and feedback information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension |
| Punishment | An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows |
| Variable Interval Schedule | A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time in intervals (causes constant behavior) *checking phone for messages |
| Fixed Interval Schedule | A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed *check mail at time usually delivered |
| Variable Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses *fishing |
| Fixed Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses *free cup of coffee after 10 purchases |
| Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule | Reinforcing a response only part of the time |
| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| Reinforcement Schedule | A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced *they vary |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer *AKA secondary reinforcer |
| Primary Reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| Negative Reinforcement | Strengthens a response by reducing or removing something |
| Positive Reinforcement | Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response |
| Discriminative Stimulus | A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement *green traffic lights |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning, gradually guiding actions towards the desired behavior *teaching a dog a trick |
| Reinforcement | Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| Operant Chamber | Known as the Skinner box; the box has a (lever/key0 the animal uses to release a reward (food/water) |
| Law of Effect | Rewarded behavior tends to recur and punished behavior is less likely to recur *this principle was made by Thorndike |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher |
| Discrimination | When two different responses occur to two different stimuli |
| Generalization | Producing the same response to a similar stimuli |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of a response after conditioning |
| Extinction | Diminishing of a learned response after a repeated presentation of the stimulus alone |
| Higher - Order Conditioning | A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) condition stimulus |
| FYI | NS = Neutral Stimulus US = Unconditioned Stimulus UR = Unconditioned Response CS = Conditioned Stimulus CR = Conditioned Response |
| Acquisition | In classical conditioning, the process of developing a learned response |
| (Un)Learned?? | Conditioned = Learned Unconditioned = Unlearned |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | In classical conditioning, after conditioning item it generates a response |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | In classical conditioning, what happens due to the (CS) |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | In classical conditioning, what naturally triggers a response |
| Unconditioned Response (UR) | In classical conditioning, what naturally happens in reaction to the (US) *salvation due to smell of food |
| Neutral Stimulus (NS) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
| John B Watson | He theorized how organisms respond to stimuli in their environments simply: psychology should be an objective science based on observable behavior (behaviorism) |
| Ivan Pavlov | He explored classical conditioning *the dog experiment with food, bell and drooling |
| Behaviorism | The view that psychology (1) should be an object science that... (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes |
| Observational Learning | A form of cognitive leaning that lets us learn from others' experiences |
| Cognitive Learning | The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing event, by watching others, or through language |
| Operant Behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| Respondent Behavior | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| Stimulus | Any event or situation that evokes a response |
| Operant Conditioning | We learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence |
| Classical Conditioning | We learn to associate 2 stimuli and thus to anticipate event |
| Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together |
| Habituation | Decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus |
| Learning | The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors |
| Positive Punishment | Adding a consequence after an undesired behavior *having a child do more chores then usual |
| Negative Punishment | Taking away a certain reinforcer after the undesired behavior occurs to try and prevent it from happening in the future *taking away a teenagers phone |
| Prosocial Behavior | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |
| Mirror Neurons | Front lobe neuron that same scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so, this may enable imitation and empathy |
| Modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| Observational Learning | Learning by observing others *also known as social learning |
| Self-Control | The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards |
| Internal Locus of Control | The perception that we control our own fate |
| External Locus of Control | The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate |
| Learned Helplessness | The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
| Personal Control | Our sense of controlling our environment rather then feeling helpless |
| Emotion-Focused Coping | Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending emotional needs related to our stress reaction |
| Problem-Focused Coping | Attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor |
| Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment |
| Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
| Insight | A sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. Ex. after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognition map of it |
| Instinctive Drift | The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns |
| John Garcia | He challenged the idea that all associations can be learned equally well *radiation on lab animals(rats) |
| Preparedness | A biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value |
| Edward Thorndike | He worked on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning with behaviorism |
| Robert Rescorla | He discovered the importance and predictive value that different stimuli had as they would determine if the behavior would be emitted or not (shaping the behavior) *applied cognition to acquisition |
| Albert Bandura | His theory consisted of how observation and modeling play a primary par in how and why people learn |
| B.F. Skinner | He said that a person is first exposed to a stimulus, which elicit a response, and the response is then reinforced, (stimulus, response, reinforcement) |
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AmeliaaaB
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