Ch 3&10
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| evolution | the long-term adaptive process, spanning generations, that equips each species for life in its ever-changing natural habitat
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| environment (in genetic context) | refers to every aspect of an individual and his or her
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| genotype | refers to the set of genes that the individual inherits
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| phenotype | refers to the observable properties of the body & behavioral traits
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| polygenic characteristics | characteristics that vary in a continuous way are generally affected by many genes
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| selective breeding | degree individuals within a species differ in any measurable characteristic because of differences in their genes can be modified through this process
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| Epigenetics | hanges in gene function that do not alter its underlying structure of DNA but result in genes being switched on or off in a reversible way
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| artificial selection | refers to human-controlled selective breeding
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| mutations | errors that unpredictably occur during DNA replication resulting in the replica not being identical to its source
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| naturalistic fallacy | the false idea that natural selection is a moral force
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| functionalism | explaining behaviour in terms of what it accomplishes for the behaving individual
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| Distal explanations | explanations at the evolutionary level & statements of the behavior has played in survival/reproduction over evolutionary time
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| Proximate explanations | explanations that deal
not with function but with mechanism; they are statements of the immediate conditions (internal & external), that elicit the behavior
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| species-typical behaviors (instinct) | certain characteristic ways of behaving
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| homology | any similarity that exists because of the different species’ common ancestry
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| analogy | any similarity that stems not from common ancestry but from convergent evolution
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| Convergent evolution | occurs when different species, because of some similarity in their habitats or lifestyles, independently evolve a common characteristic
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| inductive reasoning | the attempt to infer new principle/position from observations/facts that serve as clues
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| availability bias | we tend to rely too strongly on info that is readily available & ignore what is less available
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| predictable-world bias | a tendency to see/anticipate order even where it doesn’t exist
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| deductive reasoning | a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions
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| deontic reasoning | reasoning about what one may, should or ought to do
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| insight problems | problems designed to be unsolvable until one looks at them in a different way than usual
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| mental set | a well-established habit of perception or thought
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| functional fixedness | the failure to see an object as having a function other than its usual one
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| Broaden-and-Build theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2001/2006) | negative emotions narrow focus on perception & thought while positive emotions broaden scope of perception & increase creativity
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| intelligence | variable capacity that underlies individual differences in reasoning, solving problems & acquiring new knowledge
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| general intelligence (g) | a common factor measured well by every mental test
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| fluid intelligence | the ability to perceive relationships among stimuli independently of previous specific practice concerning those relationships
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| crystallized intelligence | mental ability derived directly from previous experience
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| inspection time | minimal time that subjects need to look/listen to a pair of stimuli to detect differences
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| heritability | degree to which variation in a trait within a population stems from genetic differences instead of environmental
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| stereotype threat | being made aware of negative stereotypes about ones social group tends to lead to confirmation of the stereotype
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| flynn effect | IQ increase has occurring at a steady rate of 9-15 points every 3 years
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