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IntroPsych W2
Ch 3&10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| evolution | the long-term adaptive process, spanning generations, that equips each species for life in its ever-changing natural habitat |
| environment (in genetic context) | refers to every aspect of an individual and his or her |
| genotype | refers to the set of genes that the individual inherits |
| phenotype | refers to the observable properties of the body & behavioral traits |
| polygenic characteristics | characteristics that vary in a continuous way are generally affected by many genes |
| selective breeding | degree individuals within a species differ in any measurable characteristic because of differences in their genes can be modified through this process |
| Epigenetics | hanges in gene function that do not alter its underlying structure of DNA but result in genes being switched on or off in a reversible way |
| artificial selection | refers to human-controlled selective breeding |
| mutations | errors that unpredictably occur during DNA replication resulting in the replica not being identical to its source |
| naturalistic fallacy | the false idea that natural selection is a moral force |
| functionalism | explaining behaviour in terms of what it accomplishes for the behaving individual |
| Distal explanations | explanations at the evolutionary level & statements of the behavior has played in survival/reproduction over evolutionary time |
| Proximate explanations | explanations that deal not with function but with mechanism; they are statements of the immediate conditions (internal & external), that elicit the behavior |
| species-typical behaviors (instinct) | certain characteristic ways of behaving |
| homology | any similarity that exists because of the different species’ common ancestry |
| analogy | any similarity that stems not from common ancestry but from convergent evolution |
| Convergent evolution | occurs when different species, because of some similarity in their habitats or lifestyles, independently evolve a common characteristic |
| inductive reasoning | the attempt to infer new principle/position from observations/facts that serve as clues |
| availability bias | we tend to rely too strongly on info that is readily available & ignore what is less available |
| predictable-world bias | a tendency to see/anticipate order even where it doesn’t exist |
| deductive reasoning | a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions |
| deontic reasoning | reasoning about what one may, should or ought to do |
| insight problems | problems designed to be unsolvable until one looks at them in a different way than usual |
| mental set | a well-established habit of perception or thought |
| functional fixedness | the failure to see an object as having a function other than its usual one |
| Broaden-and-Build theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2001/2006) | negative emotions narrow focus on perception & thought while positive emotions broaden scope of perception & increase creativity |
| intelligence | variable capacity that underlies individual differences in reasoning, solving problems & acquiring new knowledge |
| general intelligence (g) | a common factor measured well by every mental test |
| fluid intelligence | the ability to perceive relationships among stimuli independently of previous specific practice concerning those relationships |
| crystallized intelligence | mental ability derived directly from previous experience |
| inspection time | minimal time that subjects need to look/listen to a pair of stimuli to detect differences |
| heritability | degree to which variation in a trait within a population stems from genetic differences instead of environmental |
| stereotype threat | being made aware of negative stereotypes about ones social group tends to lead to confirmation of the stereotype |
| flynn effect | IQ increase has occurring at a steady rate of 9-15 points every 3 years |
Created by:
veda1
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