Nitrogen Metabolism
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| N2 to NH4+ is | nitrogen fixation, nitrogenous
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| NH4 to NO2- is | nitrification, NITRITE reductase
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| NO2- to NO3- | nitrification 2.0, nitrATE reductase
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| NO3- to N2 | Denitrification
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| Ammonia assimilation is carried out by _________ & ___________ | glutamate synthase, glutamine synthetase
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| glutamate synthase is used in ______ & ______ | bacteria and plants
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| glutamine synthetase occurs in ______, ________, and ______ | glutamine synthetase
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| a-Ketogluturate + NH4 (using NADPH and ATP) converts to | glutamate
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| Glutamine and glutamate are ___________ carriers | nitrogen
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| ________ moves amino groups between compounds | Transaminase
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| Is transamimation reversible | YES
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| Transamination requires ______ | PLP (pyridoxal-5-phosphate)
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| What is the purpose of glutamine synthetase within assimilation | To mop up free nitrogen
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| Glutamine synthetase converts _______ to _______ | glutamate to glutamine
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| Glutamate synthase converts ________ to ______ | glutamine to glutamate
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| The net reaction of nitrogen assimilation is | a-ketoglutarate +NH4(+) +NADPH + ATP --->
glutamate + NADP+ + ADP + Pi
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| PLP is derived from _____ | Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
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| What amino acid does PLP bond with to form the base | Lysine
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| What type of bond does PLP form with Lysine? | a covalent bond
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| What is the end product of this bond? | A schiff base (formed with and enzyme-lysine-PLP)
Enzyme-PLP-schiff base
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| The enzyme-lysine-PLP formed would be considered a ______ | prosthetic group (due to covalent bond)
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| Purpose of transaminase process | the goal is to transport an amine group from a-ketoglutarate to another a-keto acid
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| The enzyme-PLP-schiff base formed by PLP lysine and the enzyme serve as a ______ to transanimase | a coenzyme (a cofactor), due to the covalent bond, it is a prosthetic group
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| _____________ incorporates amine into a biomolecule | Glutamate synthase
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| _________ incorporates ammonia into a biomolecule | glutamine synthetase
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| Which of the two assimilation enzymes requires triphosphate molecules to work (like ATP, GTP, etc)? | glutamine synthetase
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| Which of the two assimilation enzymes DOES NOT require triphosphate molecules to work (like ATP, GTP, etc)? | glutamate synthase
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| Glutamate is a precursor to which amino acids? | Proline and arginine
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| Serine is a precursor to which amino acids? | glycine and then cysteine
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| ______ is a carrier of one carbon units in amino acids and nucleotide during ________ | Tetrahydrofolate, this happens during biosynthesis
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| phenylalanine is a precursor to which amino acid? | Tyrosine
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| serine is converted to glycine by what enzyme? | serine hydroxymethyl transferase
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| which enzyme converts phenylalanine to tyrosine | Phe-hydroxylase
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| Which amino acids are glucogenic? | All except Leucine and Lysine
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| Which amino acids are ONLY ketogenic? | Leucine and lysine
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| Which amino acids are BOTH ketogenic and glucogenic? | IPTTT, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine
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| Pyruvate, Oxaloacetate, a-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA and Fumerate are examples of which type of precursors? | Glucogenic precursors
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| Acetyl_CoA and Acetoacetate are examples of what type of precursors? | Ketogenic precursors
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| During catabolism of amino acids, which segments are created? | NH3+ breaks off from the rest of the amino acid (making it a a-keto acid)
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| What happens to the NH3+ broken off during amino acid catabolism? | It is used to make Urea
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| What happens to the rest of the amino acid after catabolism? | It is used to make glucogenic and ketogenic precursors
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| In amino acid catabolism, some amino acids are converted to glucogenic substrates via ______ | transanimation
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| Which two amino acids can be converted to pyruvate? | Serine and cysteine, both of which have NH3 removed
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| Where does the urea cycle occur? | in the liver
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| On the cellular level, where does the urea cycle occur? | partly in mitochondria and partly in cytosol of cells
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| What is the main purpose of the urea cycle? | Disposal of nitrogen
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| What percent of nitrogen is disposed/excreted as urea? | 80%
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| Which amino acids provide nitrogen for the urea cycle? | glutamate and aspartate (TATE)
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| What supplies carbon to the urea cycle? | Bicarbonate
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| In nucleotide metabolism, purine nucleotide synthesis yields _____ and then _____ and ______ | IMP, then yields AMP and GMP
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| What activates glutamine PRPP amidotranferase? | PRPP
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| What inhibits glutamine PRPP amidotransferase? | it is inhibited by IMP, AMP, and GMP
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| A pyrimidine base is made up of what 3 components? | bicarbonate, Aspartate, and glutamine
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| in nucleotide metabolism, pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis yields what energy molecules? | UTP and CTP
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| First step of pyrimidine biosynthesis? |
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