| Question | Answer |
| N2 to NH4+ is | nitrogen fixation, nitrogenous |
| NH4 to NO2- is | nitrification, NITRITE reductase |
| NO2- to NO3- | nitrification 2.0, nitrATE reductase |
| NO3- to N2 | Denitrification |
| Ammonia assimilation is carried out by _________ & ___________ | glutamate synthase, glutamine synthetase |
| glutamate synthase is used in ______ & ______ | bacteria and plants |
| glutamine synthetase occurs in ______, ________, and ______ | glutamine synthetase |
| a-Ketogluturate + NH4 (using NADPH and ATP) converts to | glutamate |
| Glutamine and glutamate are ___________ carriers | nitrogen |
| ________ moves amino groups between compounds | Transaminase |
| Is transamimation reversible | YES |
| Transamination requires ______ | PLP (pyridoxal-5-phosphate) |
| What is the purpose of glutamine synthetase within assimilation | To mop up free nitrogen |
| Glutamine synthetase converts _______ to _______ | glutamate to glutamine |
| Glutamate synthase converts ________ to ______ | glutamine to glutamate |
| The net reaction of nitrogen assimilation is | a-ketoglutarate +NH4(+) +NADPH + ATP --->
glutamate + NADP+ + ADP + Pi |
| PLP is derived from _____ | Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) |
| What amino acid does PLP bond with to form the base | Lysine |
| What type of bond does PLP form with Lysine? | a covalent bond |
| What is the end product of this bond? | A schiff base (formed with and enzyme-lysine-PLP)
Enzyme-PLP-schiff base |
| The enzyme-lysine-PLP formed would be considered a ______ | prosthetic group (due to covalent bond) |
| Purpose of transaminase process | the goal is to transport an amine group from a-ketoglutarate to another a-keto acid |
| The enzyme-PLP-schiff base formed by PLP lysine and the enzyme serve as a ______ to transanimase | a coenzyme (a cofactor), due to the covalent bond, it is a prosthetic group |
| _____________ incorporates amine into a biomolecule | Glutamate synthase |
| _________ incorporates ammonia into a biomolecule | glutamine synthetase |
| Which of the two assimilation enzymes requires triphosphate molecules to work (like ATP, GTP, etc)? | glutamine synthetase |
| Which of the two assimilation enzymes DOES NOT require triphosphate molecules to work (like ATP, GTP, etc)? | glutamate synthase |
| Glutamate is a precursor to which amino acids? | Proline and arginine |
| Serine is a precursor to which amino acids? | glycine and then cysteine |
| ______ is a carrier of one carbon units in amino acids and nucleotide during ________ | Tetrahydrofolate, this happens during biosynthesis |
| phenylalanine is a precursor to which amino acid? | Tyrosine |
| serine is converted to glycine by what enzyme? | serine hydroxymethyl transferase |
| which enzyme converts phenylalanine to tyrosine | Phe-hydroxylase |
| Which amino acids are glucogenic? | All except Leucine and Lysine |
| Which amino acids are ONLY ketogenic? | Leucine and lysine |
| Which amino acids are BOTH ketogenic and glucogenic? | IPTTT, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine |
| Pyruvate, Oxaloacetate, a-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA and
Fumerate are examples of which type of precursors? | Glucogenic precursors |
| Acetyl_CoA and Acetoacetate are examples of what type of precursors? | Ketogenic precursors |
| During catabolism of amino acids, which segments are created? | NH3+ breaks off from the rest of the amino acid (making it a a-keto acid) |
| What happens to the NH3+ broken off during amino acid catabolism? | It is used to make Urea |
| What happens to the rest of the amino acid after catabolism? | It is used to make glucogenic and ketogenic precursors |
| In amino acid catabolism, some amino acids are converted to glucogenic substrates via ______ | transanimation |
| Which two amino acids can be converted to pyruvate? | Serine and cysteine, both of which have NH3 removed |
| Where does the urea cycle occur? | in the liver |
| On the cellular level, where does the urea cycle occur? | partly in mitochondria and partly in cytosol of cells |
| What is the main purpose of the urea cycle? | Disposal of nitrogen |
| What percent of nitrogen is disposed/excreted as urea? | 80% |
| Which amino acids provide nitrogen for the urea cycle? | glutamate and aspartate (TATE) |
| What supplies carbon to the urea cycle? | Bicarbonate |
| In nucleotide metabolism, purine nucleotide synthesis yields _____ and then _____ and ______ | IMP, then yields AMP and GMP |
| What activates glutamine PRPP amidotranferase? | PRPP |
| What inhibits glutamine PRPP amidotransferase? | it is inhibited by IMP, AMP, and GMP |
| A pyrimidine base is made up of what 3 components? | bicarbonate, Aspartate, and glutamine |
| in nucleotide metabolism, pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis yields what energy molecules? | UTP and CTP |
| First step of pyrimidine biosynthesis? | |
